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Connective Tissue
Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "blast" | cell producing something |
| "cyte" | cell is just sitting there |
| What are the 5 types of Connective Tissue | Fibrous Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, Cartilage, Bone & Blood |
| General Features of all Connective Tissue? | Connective tissue cells rarely touch one another; they are separated by a considerable amount of matrix. It serves to bind structures together, form structural framework for organs, & supports & protects organs. consists of cells, ground substnce & matrix |
| What makes up the matrix of connective tissue? | Ground substance & fibers |
| What are the 5 types of cells found in connective tissue? | Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Plasma Cells, Mast Cells & Adipocytes i.e. fat cells |
| Fibroblasts | Large, fusiform cells with wispy branches. Secrete molecules that form the matrix |
| Macrophages | look like amoebas; large phagocytic cells that wander through the Con. Tissues, where they engulf & destroy bacteria & cellular debris. They arise from certain white blood cells called monocytes. Provide vital defense for the body |
| Two types of Macrophages? | wandering = leave the blood and migrate to infected tissues. fixed = remain in certain tissues of the body |
| Where do macrophages arise from? | certain white blood cells called monocytes. |
| Monocytes | white blood cell type, gives rise to macrophages. |
| Plasma Cells | small, (either round or irregular in shape). Arise from a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte. Secretes antibodies, providing a defense mechanism through immunity. Most are found in CT in GI tract & mammary glands |
| B Lymphocyte | type of white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells |
| Mast Cells | abundant along blood vessels, they secrete a chemical called heparin (an anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting) and histamine (increases blood flow by vasoldilation). |
| this chemical is an Anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting? What cell makes it? | Heparin. secreted by Mast Cells |
| this chemical Increases blood flow by vasodilation? | Histamine. secreted by Mast cells |
| Adipocytes/ Fat Cells | store triglycerides |
| Fibers | Protein fibers are embedded in the matrix between the cells of connective tissue. They are synthesized by fibroblasts & provide strength & support for tissues. |
| 3 types of Protein fibers? | collagen fibers, elastic fibers & reticular fibers |
| Collagen Fibers: | tough, flexible & resistant to a pulling force. Made of the protein collagen (body's most abundant protein = 25%) they occur in bundles of tiny fibrils lying parallel to eachother. Tendons, ligaments, dermis = mainly collagen. in matrix cartilage & bone |
| What does collagen look like in fresh tissue samples and what is it called | has a glistening white appearance, so its known as "white fibers" |
| what does collagen look like in tissue sections? | In tissue sections, collagen forms coarse, wavy bundles dyed by stain |
| Elastic Fibers | thinner than collagen fibers; branch & join together to form a network w/in a tissue. Made of the protein elastin, whose coiled structure allows it to stretch & recoil like a rubber band. Fibers can b stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length w/o break |
| Where are elastic fibers found? What do they allow? | found in skin, blood vessel walls & lung tissue. Elastic fibers allow these structures to spring back after they are stretched. |
| Reticular Fibers anatomy | thin fibers made of collagen & coated w glycoprotein. Thinner than collagen fibers, they provide spport in walls of blood vssls & form brnching netwrks around fat cells, nerve fibrs & skeletal & smooth muscle cells. |
| Reticular Fibers function | Similar to collagen fibers, they provide support & strength & also form the spongelike, supporting framework (known as the stroma) inside soft organs such as the spleen & lymph nodes. Also forms the basement membrane. |
| Stroma | sponge-like, supporting framework inside a soft organ (like spleen or lymph nodes). |
| Ground Substance ...thru which substances are exchanged between the blood and cells | found amid cells & fibers of tissue, usually has gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from proteoglycans & GAGs. Absorbs compressive forces, supporting delicate cells & protecting them from mechanical injury. Binds cells 2gethr & provides a medium |
| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) | complex combination of polysaccharides & proteins, found in ground substance of connective tissue. |
| what are two main glycosaminoglycans? | chondroitin sulfate & hyaluronic acid |
| Chondroitin sulfate | the most abundant GAG, responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage. Gives support |
| Hyaluronic Acid | a GAG, gigantic molecule that forms slippery substance (very effective lubricant in the joints) |
| Proteoglycans | gigantic molecules that bind cells to extracellular macromolecules and holds tissue together. Gives tissue fluid a gelatinous consistency |
| Fibrous Connective Tissue | any connective tissue with a preponderance of conspicuous fiber, (such as areolar, reticular, dense regular & dense irregular connective tissue) |
| Loose Connective Tissue | has less fibers and more ground substance. |
| What tissues are loose connective? | Areolar and Reticular tissue |
| Areolar Tissue | found in almost every part of the body, it is composed of scattered fibrous proteins, abundant blood vessls & lots of open, fluid-filled space. Fibers run in random directions & are mostly collagenous. |
| What do epithelium typically rest on? (tissue type) | nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue, whose blood vessels provide nourishment to epithelium |
| Areolar tissue makes it easy for what? | Because of the abundance of open, fluid-filled space, macrophages can move about freely & easily to find & destroy foreign substances. |
| Reticular Tissue | a mesh of reticular fibers & fibroblasts that form a structural, sponge-like framework (stroma) in the spleen & lymph nodes. These fibers are so small you must use silver stain to see them. |
| sponge analogy in reticular tissue? | the space amid reticular fibers in reticular tissue is filled with blood cells. So imagine a sponge soaked with blood, the sponge fibers are analagous to reticular tissue stroma. |
| Dense Connective Tissue | has more fibers and less ground substance |
| Dense Regular Connective Tissue | collagen fibers run in the same direction, packed tightly together. This type of tissue has few blood vessels (=slower healing), and the only cell present is a fibroblast. Found in ligaments & tendons (where direction of pull is usually in a set pattern) |
| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue | Collagen fibers run in random directions; this meshwork enables this tissue to withstand stresses that are applied in unpredictable directions. forms lower part of dermis, also forms protective capsules around certain organs (i.e. spleen & kidney) |
| Elastic Connective Tissue | has branching, elastic fibers. Forms vocal cords & ligaments in spinal cord. Also found in walls of large & medium arteries (esp. the aorta). This allows the walls to expand & retract when a bolus of blood comes through from the heart. |
| What are the three types of cartilage? | Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage & elastic cartilage |
| How is hyaline cartilage distinguished on a tissue section? | usually invisible collagen fibers, which makes a homogenous matrix |
| How is elastic cartilage distinguished on a tissue section? | you will see dark staining, conspicuous fibers & lots of cells |
| How is fibrocartilage distinguished on a tissue section? | coarse, readily visible bundles of collagen. "a zillion fibers" |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Most prevalent in the body, light blue in color. it consists of equal collagen to ground substance. Forms articular cartilage in joints, rings in the trachea, tip of nose. as well as most of the fetal skeleton (which slowly turns to bone after birth) |
| proteoglycans in hyaline cartilage? | Proteoglycan aggregates function as minute sponges, capable of trapping large quantities of water. this trapped water allows cartilage to spring back after being compressed. |
| Fibrocartilage | more collagen fibers present, running parallel. Very tough cartilage. Found in intervertebral discs (ring of fibrocartilage w a gel-like core), pubic syphysis, menisci in knee. |
| Elastic Cartilage | yellowish in life, it gives support and shape. Made of elastic fibers that form a web-like mesh around chondrocytes. found in the external ear, epiglottis and internal auditory tube (Eustachian tube) |
| "Chondro" | "cartilage" |
| Cartilage anatomy | a supportive connective tissue w a flexible rubbery matrix. Contains a lot of chondroitin sulfate (for support) & collagen fibers. It is free from blood vessels, so nutrients & waste must diffuse through the rubbery matrix. |
| Cartilage function | Cartilage functions to support and protect. |
| Where does cartilage come from? | chondroblast produces matrix and becomes a chondrocyte stuck in lacunae (little hole of space). These chondrocytes have a slow metabolism since they are stuck and must diffuse nutrients and waste thru the rubbery matrix. This makes cartilage a slow healer |
| Draw the menisci of knee. label two types of cartilage | draw femur and tibia w space between. lining along the bone on each side is the hyaline cartilage (forming the "articular cartilage). then draw two triangles on outer parts of space and label "fibrocartilage" (disc that maintains more separation b/w bones |
| give an example of what a tight junction would protect from | on a stomach epithelium, the tight junction would protect the cells from the stomach acid (pH of 2)seeping in between the cells in the lumen of stomach area. |
| Adipose Tissue | when fat cells are the predominant cell type. Stores triglycerides & cushions organs like eyes, kidneys and heart. |
| How big are adipose cells | they are big! 70-120 micrometers but can be 5 times bigger in obese people (RBC's only 7 micrometers) |
| where is most body fat located? what is this fat called? | 50% body fat is located in hypodermis, between skin and muscle. This is called subcutaneous fat. |
| what does adipose tissue look like in tissue section? | cells are big, clear looking areas, nucleus is squished to the side. |
| What is space between adipose cells occupied by? | occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue & blood capillaries (for triglyceride turnover which is constant) |
| The collagen of areolar tissue is produced by | fibroblasts |
| tendons are composed of ____ | dense regular connective tissue |
| the shape of the external ear is due to | elastic cartilage |
| any form of pathological tissue death is called _____ | necrosis |
| osteocytes & chondrocytes occupy little cavities called ______ | lacunae |
| tendons and ligaments are made mainly of the protein ______ | collagen |
| fibers and ground substance make up the ______ of connective tissue | matrix |
| apo- | away (apex) |
| chondro- | cartilage (chondrocyte) |
| ecto- | outer (ectoderm) |
| -gen | producing (collagen) |
| histo- | tissue (histology) |
| holo- | whole (holocrine) |
| hyalo- | glassy (hyaline) |
| necro- | dead (necrosis) |
| plas- | formed (plasma) |
Created by:
kalmetina
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