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A&P2lec12
CU Anatomy and Physiology II Dr. Hartman
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CD4* proteins are what | Helper T cells |
| CD8* proteins are what? | cytotoxic T cells |
| For an adaptive immune response to occur what must happen? | B and T cells must recognize that a foreign antigen is present. |
| How do B and T cells discover foreign antigens, respectively? | B cells can recognize and bind to antigens in extracellular fluid (lymph, interstitial fluid or blood plasma): T cells can only recognize fragments of antigens that are processed and presented to them in a certain way. |
| when dealing with T cells, what is the difference between the exogenous antigen process and endogenous antigen process? | It is a matter of what type of cell the antigen -MHC complex resides on? the endogenous antigens are presented on any nucleated body cell. But exogenous antigens must be presented on APCs |
| In what circumstance is the antigen-MHC complex overlooked and in what circumstance does it result in an adaptive immune response | When the antigenic fragment of the antigen-MHC complex comes from a self-protein, T cells ignore the complex. but when the fragment comes from an invading (foreign) protein it is recognized as foe and an adaptive immune response results |
| Costimulation and T cell activation | antigen must be recognized as foreign, T cell that recognized it must be activated. then it must undergo clonal selection. |
| What happens when a T cell is activated? | it undergoes a process called costimulation. |
| what is costimulation? what does it involve? | costimulation is the process that activates a T cell once it recognizes a foreign antigen. More specifically costimulation is thought to prevent accidental responses. it involves cytokines such as Interleukin-2 (IL-2) which are released from T cells. |
| Clonal selection is what? and becomes what? | Clonal selection is a process: lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates into a clone of cells that recognize the same antigen as was introduced to the original. Some become effector cells and others become memory cells. (cytotoxic becomes cytotoxic) |
| what type of cell eliminates the infected or damaged cell along with the foreign antigen? | cytotoxic T cells |
| Ctyotoxic T cells leave ___1___ lymphatic organs/tissues and migrate to seek out and destroy infected ____2____ cells, ___3___ cells, and ___4___ cells. THey recognize and attach to target cells and then deliver a "lethal hit" that kills target cells | 1: secondary 2:target 3:+ cancer 4: transplanted |
| Cytotoxic T cells kill two different ways: | 1: release granzymes to trigger apoptosis. phagocytes kill microbes that were released from the destroyed target cells. 2: release proteins perforin & granulysisn. Perforin creats channels in target cell's membrane. granulysin punches holes in membrane |
| difference between cytotoxic T cells and Natural Killer Cells (NK cells) | similar in killing mechanisms except cytotoxic t cells are specific for a particular microbe, while NK cells are part of the innate immune system. |
| who carries out immunological surveillance? | cytotoxic T cells and NK cells |
| T o F the body contains not millions of different T cells and millions of different B cells, each capable of responding to a specific antigen. | true... there are millions of T and B cells that are specific to different antigens |
| activation of a B cell | antigen binds to antigen receptors on B cell surface. B cell antigen receptors are chemically similar to the abs that will eventually be secreted by their progeny. |
| How is a MHC complex formed and where? Where does it then go? | The antigen that binds to an antigen receptor is taken into the B cell, broken down in to peptide fragments and combined with the MHC proteins. This antigen- MHC complex is then moved to the B cell surface. |
| Once the antigen-MHC complex is on the surface of the B cell, what happens? | a helper T cell will recognize the antigen fragment of the complex as foreign and deliver the costimulation needed. The B-cell will undergo clonal selection |
| (activation of B cells results in one of two cells) 1Plasma cells | which within a few days after exposure will secrete specific Abs. These Abs circulate in the lymph and blood to reach sight of invasion. After 4-5days of secreting they die |
| Activation of B cells results in one of two cells 2memory B cells | these can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more plasma cells and more memory B cells if the same antigen attacks the body a second time. |
| mechanism of action - neutralization | Abs can bind the toxic molecule to prevent its interacting with our body cells |
| Immobilize | bacteria |
| Agglutination | a process by which Abs cause a clumping together of invading cells. IgM pentamers have 10 identical binding sites there are particularly good at forming clumps. phagocytic cells can ingest agglutinated microbes more readily |
| complement cascade | results in lysis of the extracellular pathogen |
| opsonization | abs act as opsonins to mark an extracellular pathogen for destrocution by PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| Immunological memory | due to the presence of long-lived Abs and very long-lived lymphocytes that arise during clonal selection of B and T cells |
| Immunization agagains certain microbes is possible why? | because memory B cells an dMemory T cells remain after the primary response to an antigen is finished |
| secondary response- (immunological memory)is significant why? | provides protection in case the same microbe enters the body again |
| how does immunological memory work with vaccinations? |
Created by:
jseekins
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