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Patho Quiz 2/ Vocab
Chapters 4-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do changes in fluid affect | Blood volume, cellular functions. |
| What do electrolyte concentrations do? | Affect electrical activity, nerve and muscle cells. Shift fluid from one compartment to another. |
| What is an electrolyte? | Electrically charged substance,can ionize,forms ions and conducts electricity |
| What is total body water (TBW)? | 60% of body weight, rest is fat and fat free solids (bone) |
| What is intracellular fluid (ICF)? | Fluid within cells, 2/3 of "TBW" |
| What is extracellular fluid (ECF)? | Fluid outside of cells |
| What is interstitial fluid? | Fluid in space between cells and blood vessels. |
| What is intravascular fluid? | Blood plasma |
| What is lymph? | Body fluid containing white cells mainly lymphocytes. |
| What are some transcellular fluids? | Synovial, sweat, intracellular fluids, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pleural, peritoneal, pericardial fluids. |
| How do you gain water? | Drinking, water in food, oxidative metabolism (respiration). |
| How do you loose water? | Renal excretion, stool, vaporization through skin and lungs. |
| Net filtration | Movement of fluid back and forth across the capillary wall. |
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure (force that determines filtration) | Outward movement of water from capillary to interstitial space. |
| Capillary oncotic pressure (force that determines filtration) | Osmotically attracts water into the capillary. (water goes in) |
| Interstitial oncotic pressure (force that determines filtration) | Attracts water from capillary into interstitial space (water leaves capillary goes into interstitial space) |
| Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (force that determines filtration) | Facilitates movement of water into capillary ( water flows in) |
| What does the arterial end of the capillary do? | Hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out. |
| What does the venous end of the capillary do? | Oncotic pressure attracts fluids. |
| What are osmotic forces? | Pressure that must be applied to a solution to stop osmosis. ECF osmotic balance depends on SODIUM ICF osmotic balance depends on POTASSIUM |
| What is edema? | Excessive fluid in interstitial space. |
| Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure (force that causes edema) | Venous obstruction, inflamation of veins, tight clothes, prolonged standing, salt and water retention. Congestive heart failure renal failure. |
| Decrease in oncotic pressure (force that causes edema) | Loss/lowered plasma albumin. Filtered capillary fluid remains in the interstitial space. (Cirrhosis or malnutrition) |
| Increase in capillary permiability. (force that causes edema) | Inflamation/immune responses. Trauma burns injuries that crush blood vessels. Plasma protein escapes, decrease in oncotic pressure fluid remains in interstitial space |
| Lymph Obstruction/ removal of lymphatic channels. (force that causes edema) | Lymphodema- fluids and proteins accumulate in interstitial space. |
| Localized Edema | Limited to site of trauma, one part of body |
| Generalized Edema | Everywhere, other parts of the body.(fluid is distributed) |
| Pitting Edema (dependent edema) | When tissue over bones is pressed it leaves pits. |
| What are some effect of edema? | Weight gain/ nutrients travel further to reach cell, impaired blood flow, wounds heal slower. |
| Cation | Positively charged ion |
| What hormone regulates sodium balance and is synthesized by the adrenal cortex? | Aldosterone |
| What is the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system? | Hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid balance) |
| What is renin? | A protein that stimulates the formation of angiotensin I. |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme | (ACE) in the lungs converts to antiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II | Stimulates the secretion of aldosterone |
| Natiuretic hormones | (peptides) decrease blood pressure/ excretion of sodium and H2O, vasodilaiton |
| Anion | Negative charge, electroneutrality |
| Antidiuretic hormome | ADH, regulates water balance, secreed when plasma osmolarity increases, blood volume decreases, BP drops |
| Osmoreceptors | In Hypothalamus receive message that plasma osmolarity is high |
| Isotonic alterations | Total body water change with equal electrolyte and water change. Isotonic fluid loss and excess. |
| Hypotonic alterations | Concentaration of ECF is above normal (too much) |
| Hypertonic alterations | Concentraiton of ECF is less than normal (not enough) |
| Osmotic Pressure | PULLS WATER across a membrane. Attractive pressure of a particle in a solution. |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | PUSHES WATER across a membrane. |
| Isotonic fluid excess | Result of too much IV fluids, too much aldosterone, drugs (cortisone). Causes weight gain. High BP, edema indicators, can lead to pulmonary edema, heart failure, treat with diruretics. |
| Hypernatremia | Electrolyte disturbance, increased sodium in blood, decrease of free water in the body. |
| Waht causes sodium loss? | Pure sodium deficits, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, use of diruretics. |
| Dilutional hyponatremia | Fluid replacement with 5% dextrose water, glucose metabolized. |
| Hypoosmolar hyponatremia | Renal excretion of water impared. |
| Hypochloremia | Loss of chloride.Result of vomiting, occurs in Cystic Fibrosis. |
| Potassium tolerance | Body adapts to higher levels over time |
| Hydroxyapatite | Calcium located in the bones 99%. Cloting, structure, hormone secretion. |
| Proton | Another name for a hydrogen ion. |
| pH | Indicates how acidic or basic a fluid is. |
| Acids | Add H+ (protons) to a liquid, causes pH to go down. |
| Bases | Adds OH- (hydroxide) to a liquid, causes Ph to go up. |
| How much does the concentration of unit change if the pH changes by one unit. | 10 fold. |
| Volatile acids | Eliminated as CO2 |
| Nonvolatile | Eliminated by the kidney. |
| Buffer | Chemical that can bind excessive H+(acid) or excessive OH-(base). |
| Lungs | Release C02, decreases amt of carbonic acid |
| Kidneys | Can absorb or regenerate bicarbonate |
| Compensation | Adjustment by the lungs and kidneys. Deep rapid breaths, release CO2. |
| Correction | Carbonic acid/bicarbonate levels return to normal. |
| Metabolic Acidosis | Excess acid, bicarbonate depleted- hyperventilation corrects it. Caused by renal failure, aspirin poisoning. |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Hypoventilation- more bicarbonate retained-CPD causes it |
| Noncarbonic acids increase | Lactic acid from anerobic respiration (muscles) occurs quickly. |
| Bicarbonate is lost from ECF | Buffers, depleted in severe acidosis |
| Escessive loss of metabolic acids | Caused by alkalosis. |
| Respiratory acidosis | Hyperventilation increases PaCO2 levels, elevated carbonis acid. Excess CO2 in blood |
| Renal compensation | Elimination of H+, retention of bicarbonate |
| Anion Gap | Anions not maasured in lab reports. |
| Metabolic alkalosis | Excess plasma bicarbonate -hypoventilation-loss of gastric juices causes it |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Hyperventilation lowers PaCO2 levels-bicarbonate excreted, hydrogen retained. Caused by severe anxiety. |
| Innate Immunity | Natural,mechannical,physical, biochemical, and inflammation. |
| Frist Line of Defense | Ph of skin, low temp of skin. |
| Second Line of Defense | Inflammatory response - cellular damage |
| Third Line | Adaptive, slower,specific, involves memory. |
| Lysosome | Enzyme found in perspiration, saliva, tears. |
| Antimicrobial Peptides | Secreted by epithelial cells, kills ,inhibits bacteria, fungi viruses |
| Cathelicidins | Only one is known- kill bacteria disrupt membrane, neutrophils, mast cells, monocyte, released during inflammation. |
| Collectins | Glycoproteins produced by lungs, enhance phagocytosis, activate compliment. |
| Closed barrier | Digestive, respiratory, genitourinary tracts, skin, barriers between internal organs and environment. |
| Normal Flora | Bacteria and fungi,specific to body surfaces, commensal one organisms benefit doesn't affect the other. |
| Mutulaistic | Both benefit |
| Opportunistic | Compromised immune system,normal flora can cause disease. |
| Inflammation | Inflammatory response,first to injury, redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function. |
| Vasodilation | Increased blood flow to area |
| Increased vascular permeability | Cells contract, fluid leaks out, edema swelling, blood thicker. |
| White Blood Cells | Stick to inner walls of vesicles. |
| Inflammation Benefits | Limits spread of inflammatory response to healthy tissue. Interacts with adaptive immune system, prevents infection- contaminates microorganisms, initiates healing. |
| Plasma Protein System | Multiple proteins in the blood, inactive enzymes, activated in a cascade. Complement- Clotting- Kinin |
| Complement System | Proteins, directly destroys pathogens. 4 functions Opsonization- Chemotaxis-Anaphylatoxic activity-Cell Lysis. C3 and C5 |
| Opsonins | Coat bacteria |
| Chemotactic factors | Attract phagocytes to site of inflamation |
| Anaphylatoxins | Induce degranulation of mast cells (C3a and C5a) |
| Membrane attack complex | (MAC) C5b-C9. Creates pores in membrane or cells or bacteria, water enters cell-- lysis. |
| Classical Activation | Activated by antibodies |
| Lectin Activation | Activated by plasma protein that binds bacterial polysaccharides |
| Alternative Alteration | Activated by cell wall lipopolysaccharides from gram negative bacteria, fungi. |
| Functions of complement | Opsonization- Anaphylatoxic activity- mast cell degranulation, Leukocyte chemotaxis, Cell Lysis |
| Clotting (coagulation) system | Plamsa proteins/ form blood clot, traps infection |
| Factor X Fibrin | Formation that forms a fibrin clot. |
| Kinen System | Interacts with clotting system. Final product is Bradykinen, causes dilation of blood vessels, induces pain, smooth muscle contraction |
| Pattern Recognition | Recognize two types if molecular patterns |
| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns | Surface molecules or released soluble fibers (PAMPS) |
| Products of cellular damage | Damage associated molecular patterns. (DAMPS) |
| Cytokines | Small proteins released by cells that react with other cells. (sometimes lipids) |
| Inteleukin I | Produced my macrophages, activates cells of innate and adaptive immunity. Growth factor, pyrogen binds to cell receptors |
| Interleukin 6 (cytokine) | Liver cells produce proteins/inflammation (acute phase reactants) |
| Interferon | Protect against viral infections |
| Adhesion molecules | Caused by production of cellular products |
| Mast Cells | Most important activator of the inflammatory response. |
| Degranulation | Release from granules |
| Histamine | Vasoactive amine causes temporary rapid constriction of smooth muscle. |
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