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test 2 heart
heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if Cl- is pumped OUT | Positive |
| Which of the adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels? | Beta 2 |
| Factors that increase heart rate are known as? | Positive Chronotropic |
| A concept that states: a heart chamber will eject as much blood as it receives, so an increaased venous return causes increased SV & increased ejection fraction? | Frank-Starling Law |
| Which medication used to treat heart disease poisons the sodium-potassium ATPase pump? | Digitalis |
| Which medication used to treat heart disease indirectly causes in an increase in Ca within cardiac muscle cells? | Digitalis |
| The middle layer of the heart, it is the thickest layer and is composed of the heart muscle? | Myocardium |
| Continuous low level vagal stimulation is known as? | Vagal tone |
| Which substance is pumped OUT of a cell by the sodium pump? | Sodium |
| Into which chamber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than the lungs)? | Right Atrium |
| Where is the congestion that is typical of left heart failure? | Lungs |
| The blood pressure in peripheral arterioles is known as? | Afterload |
| Factors which effect the hearts strength of contraction are known as? | Inotropic Factors |
| Heart muscles on the inside of both ventricles that produces all the "nooks n crannies" are known as? | Trabeculae carneae |
| What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right atrium? | 5/0 |
| A heart rate less than 60 bpm is known as? | Bradycardia |
| The AV node is located in the "------", near the bottom of the atrium just behind the opening for the coronary sinus? | Interatrial Septum |
| What effect on blood pressure would vasoconstriction have, generally? | Increase bp |
| One phase of a neuron's action potential that is NOT seen in that of a cardiac muscle cells is? | Hyperpolarization |
| Identify and tell what happens to the ion effected by acetylcholine? | potassium floods OUT of the cell |
| Does Sympathetic stimulation of the alpha 1 receptors increase or decrease afterload? | Increase |
| Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be available to diffuse into the heart cells? | Digitalis |
| The phase of systole when blood is forced out of a ventricle is known as? | Ventricular Ejection |
| Another name for the primary pacemaker of the heart? | Sinoatrial Node |
| An action potential that originates anywhere except the SA node is known as? | Ectopic Focus |
| Factors which decrease the hearts strength of contraction are known as? | Negative intropic factors |
| The outermost layer of the heart which is adhered to the heart muscle? | Epicardium |
| Another name for adrenalin is? | Epinephrine |
| What causes the plateau seen in the graph for a cardiac muscle's action potential? | Calcium Influx |
| The wall between the two atria is known as? | Interatrial Septum |
| Specialized structures containing Gap Junctions (holes) which allows the action potential (AP) to pass throughout the heart with relatively little resistance? | Intercallated Discs |
| The chamber of the heart pumps blood to the entire body(except the lungs)? | Left Ventricle |
| The heart chamber receiving blood returning from lungs? | Left Atrium |
| Why is the left atrioventricular valve (mitral) heard predominantly (its louder) while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV valve(tricuspid)? | Pressure is much higher |
| This type of gradient, maintained by the sodium pump keeps a "+" outside and "-" inside of the cell membrane. | Electrical |
| Are cardiac muscle cells "branched or non-branched"? | Branched |
| Factors that effect heart rate are known as? | Chronotropic |
| What condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero? | Sympathetic tone of arterial walls |
| What characteristic of an EKG would indicate cardiac ischemia or hypoxia? | Flattened T |
| If both the SA and the AV nodes stop working, the Purkinjie Fibers will take over, however, the rhythm is VERY slow with a rate of only "-----"bpm? | 20-40 |
| Another, older name for the atrioventricular bundle is? | Bundle of His |
| The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if K+ is pumped OUT. | Negative |
| Are cardiac muscle cells "voulntary or involuntary"? | Involuntary |
| The sodium pump moves Sodium ions "in or out" of the cell? | Out |
| Long term chronic bronchitis may cause an permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leadiing Right Heart Failure - this condition is known as? | Cor Pulmonale |
| A term that means "tissue death" is? | Necrosis |
| Which medication used for hypertension reduces vasocontriction and water retention to allow a drop in blood pressure? | ACE Inhibitors |
| The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if Na+ is pumped OUT. | Negative |
| A condition in which an underlying respiratory condition causes pulmonary hypertension which eventually results in right heart failure? | Cor Pulmonale |
| Another name for the visceral pericardium is? | Epicardium |
| Through which part of the aorta does blood flows inferiorly? | Descending Aorta |
| Should the pressure in the left atrium be just higher or lowerthan the pressure in the right atrium? | Higher |
| Which of the Choliinergic receptors decrease the heart rate? | Muscarinic |
| What specific tissue makes up the innermost lining of the heart? | Simple Squamous Epithelium |
| For the heart, the mechanism of its action potential is similar to that of a neuron with the obvious exception of the "-----", which is caused by calcium influx? | Plateau |
| Is epinephrine a postivie or negative chronotropic factor? | Positive |
| The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by relaxation of the heart? | Diastole |
| The cavity between the lungs containing the pericardium and heart is known as the? | Mediastinum |
| Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs? | Right Ventricle |
| For an EKG, what hides the repolarization of the ventricles? | T wave |
| The sinoatrial node is located in the "----" which is in the roof of the right atrium? | cristae terminalis |
| The clogging of the arteries is known as? | Atherosclerosis |
| A term that indicates that even though the heart is relly mononucleate, due to the intercalated discs, they behave as if they were one giant multinucleated cell? | Functional Syncytium |
| What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the aorta from falling to zero? | Aortic Valve |
| Once the AP leaves the bndle branches, what are the next structures that it enters during its conduction? | Purkinjie Fibers |
| For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the atria? | P wave |
| Which of the autonomic nervous systems reduces heart rate and strength of contraction? | Parasympathetic Nervous system |
| Which part of the descending aorta is located below the diaphragm? | Abdominal |
| Into which chanmber of the heart does blood enter when returning from the entire body (other than the lungs)? | Superior Vena Cava |
| Vessels which return OXYGENATED blood to the left atrium from the lungs? | Pulomary Veins |
| The term describes the parasympathetic nervous system receptor? | Cholinergic |
| Pain experienced in the chest and left neck/arm due to build up of lactic acid in heart caused by the hypoxi conditions of clogged arteries? | Angina Pectoris |
| An increase in a structure's size due to an increase in individual cells and not due to an increase in the numbers od cells, as seen when you exercise a muscle? | Hypertrophy |
| 50% of all deaths and approximately 1/3 of those between the age of 35-50 are caused by? | Coronary Artery Disease |
| Another name for the epicardium is? | Visceral Pericardium |
| A term that means "at night"? | Nocturnal |
| the name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute? | Cardiac Output |
| What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric contraction? | All 4 valves are closed |
| Once the AP leaves the AV node, what is the next structure that it enters during its conduction? | Atrioventricular Bundle |
| For an EKG, an extra wave sometimes caused by the low potassum? | U wave |
| The wall between the two ventricles is known as? | Interventricular Septum |
| Another name for the atrioventricular node is? | secondary pacemaker of the heart |
| This maintains a hypertonic sodium solution outside of the ecell and a hypertonic potasium solution inside? | Sodium Pump |
| The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the lower bloo pressure reading? | Diastole |
| Cardiac output is essentially equal to? | Total Blood Volume |
| What is a name for the normal heart rate set up by the sinortrial node? | Sinus Rhythm |
| This term describes the sympathetic nervous system receptors becasue of their close relationship to epinepherine or adrenalin? | Adrenergic Receptors |
| This used to be a fetal pulmonary bypass between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch? | Ligamentum Arteriosum |
| What is the volume (in milliliters) of blood in a heart chmaber at the end of its contraction period? | 50 ml |
| These take DEOXYGENATED BLOOD to the lungs? | Pulmonary Arteries |
| A heart rate between 100-150 bpm is known as? | Tachycardia |
| The loss of elasticity or hardening of the arteries is called? | Arteriosclerosis |
| Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction? | Alpha 1 |
| Factors that decrease heart rate are known as? | Negative Chronotropic |
| A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes more negative? | Repolarization |
| What effect on blood pressure would an increased strength of contraction have? | Increases bp |
| The area of the brain which inreases heart rate and strength of contraction is known as? | Cardioacceleratory Center |
| Which of the autonomic nervous system is a Negative Chronotropic Factor? | Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| The sodium pump moves "----" (spell out number) Potassium ions? | Two |
| Another name for the sinoatrial node that reflects its ability to automatically generate action potentials in the heart? | Primary pacemaker |
| The right heart continues to push blood into ther left heart, however, teh left heart is not pushing this blood out. Where does the fluid leak out? | Lungs |
| The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if Cl- is pumped IN? | Negative |
| The sodium pump move "----" (spell out number) Sodium ions? | Three |
| What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the Aortic Arch? | 120/80 |
| What is the function of the "plateau" seen in the graph of a cardiac muscle cel's action potential? | Maximize emptying |
| What is the location of the atrioventricular bundle? | Interventricular Septum |
| One characteristic of cardiac muscle whihc helps to prevent the myocardium from entering tetanus or fatigue is a much longer "----- ----- -----" as compared to skeletal muscle? | Absolute refractory period |
| Are most cells "positive or negative" on the outside of the cell membrane? | Positive |
| What characteristic of an EKG would indicate damage in artia blocking AP's? | Prolonged P-Q segment |
| Which of the two semilunar valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds? | Aortic |
| Another name for PVC's which indicate th fact that an extra ORS complex occurs during the cardiac cycle? | Extrasystole |
| The volume in the heart chamber just prior to contraction represents? | Preload |
| Which of the autonomic nervous systems increases heart rate and strength of contraction? | Sympathetic |
| What condition prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonay arteries from falling to zero? | Sympathetic tone of arterial walls |
| What characteristic of an EKG would indicate an extra QRS complex occuring during a cardiac cycle? | Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC) |
| What condition in the cardiac muscle cell is induced by acetylcholine? | the cell is hyperpolarized |
| What characteristic of an EKG would indicate SA node damage? | Missing P wave |
| How much of the blood that enters the ventricles is contributed to by atrial contraction? | 20% |
| How long does it take a person's heart to pump their entire blood volume? | One minute |
| Are most cells "positive or negative" on the inside of the cell membrane? | Negative |
| During an increase in heart rate as seen during exercise, whihc part of the cardiac cycle is shortened? | Diastole |
| Once the AP leaves the atrioventricular bundle, what is the next structure (or structures) that it enters during its conduction? | Right & Left Bundle Branches |
| The portion of the cardiac cyle represented by ejection of blood from the heart's chamber? | Systole |
| According to our notes, what is the rate fo Sinus Rhythm? | 75 bpm |
| Wht is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of its relaxation period? | End Diastolic Volume(EDV) |
| Which of the adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation? | Beta 2 |
| Give the location of the cardioacceleratory center? | Medulla Oblongata |
| What does a low ejection fraction indicate? | Heart Disease |
| What is the location of the right and left bundle branches? | Interventricular septum |
| Which of the autonomic nervous systems decreases heart rate? | Parasympathetic Nervous system |
| If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over and set the heart rate at "----" bpm? | 40-50 |
| Which of the autonomic nervous systems is a Positive Chronotropic Factor? | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| What effect on blood pressure would an iincreased heart rate have? | Increases bp |
| Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a positive chronotropic factor? | Norepinephrine |
| What is the systolic pressure in the right ventricle? | 12-25 mm Hg |
| According to our notes, what is the normal rate set up by the SA node? | 75 bpm |
| An atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle? | Mitral or Bicuspid Valve |
| The speed or velocity of the action potential through the heart is slowed in the AV node. The purpose of this "slow down" is? | Allow for optimal filling in the ventricles |
| What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left ventricle? | 120/0 |
| Which of the cranial nerves reduces heart rate and strength of contraction? | Vagus Nerve |
| Is anxiety a positive or negative chronotropic factor? | Positive |
| Any abnormal rate & rhythm of heart is known as? | Dysrrhythmias or Arrhythmias |
| The stretch of the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents? | Preload |
| The part of the aorta giving off the first 3 major arteries? | Aortic Arch |
| In the trilogy of heart failure, the second phase is? | Myocardial Ischemia |
| Venous return determines the tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction, which determines? | Preload |
| An enzyme that converts Lactic Acid to Pyruvic Acid. when cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels? | Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) |
| If the heart muscle works to hard, it will increase in size (like any muscle) due to an increase in the individual muscle cells, not an increase in the number of muscle cells....this condition of size increase is? | Hypertrophy |
| Which of the adrenergic receptors causes an increase rate and strength of contraction? | Beta 1 |
| The area of the brain which reduces heart rate and strength of contraction is known as? | Cardioinhibitory Center |
| The phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to contract, but all valves are closed? | Isovolumetric Contraction (IVC) |
| When looking at the general population, what is the maximum heart rate that can be reached before there is not enough filing time so there is a reduction in the ejection fraction and a loss of heart's efficiency? | 200 bpm |
| An electrical rate between 250-300/minute is known as? | Flutter |
| Bundles od muscles only seen in the right atrium? | Pectinate muscles |
| This tpe of gradient keeps MORE Na+ OUTSIDE of the cell and MORE K+ INSIDE of the cell. | Chemical |
| Difficulty breathing is known as? | Dyspnea |
| A small "appendage"-like chamber that adds volume to the right atrium? | Right Auricle |
| Specialized muscles in the ventricles of the heart which hold tension on the string-like cords that connect to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves? | Papillary muscles |
| The string-like cords that connect the cusps of the atrioventricular valves to specific muscles of the heart? | Chordae Tendineae |
| Because the heart relies on extracellular calcium, one line of treatment for diseases such as hypertension is to use drugs such as? | Calcium Channel Blockers |
| Which of the parasympathetic receptors reduces heart rate and strength of contraction? | Muscarinic |
| Which of the following statements best describes an electrocardiograph? | EKG's represent the electrical events in the entire heart |
| Without the influence of vagal tone, what would be the heart rate set up by the sinoatrial node? | 100 bpm |
| For an EKG, what represents the depolarization of the ventricles? | QRS Complex |
| Which of the autonomic systems increases heart rate? | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Which of the Adrenergic Receptors increase the heart rate? | Beta 1 |
| What characteristic of an EKG would indicate ventricular hypertrophy? | Enlarged R |
| Another name for congestive heart failure (CHF) is? | Left Heart Failure |
| Is nicotine a positive or negative chronotropic factor? | Positive |
| Why is the left semilunar valve (aortic) heard predominantly (its louder) while listening to the heart sounds as compared to the right AV valve (pulmonary)? | Pressure is much higher |
| Give the location of the cardioinhibitory center? | Medulla Oblongata |
| For an EKG, a wave sometimes seen in a normal EKG which has unknown origins is the ? | U wave |
| Which medication used to hypertension to reduces blood volume by increasing urine output? | Directics |
| Is caffeine a positive or negative chronotropic factor? | Positive |
| Name the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle? | Tricuspid valve |
| Factors which increase the hearts strength of contraction are known as? | Positive inotropic factors |
| What characteristic of an EKG would indicate a left bundle branch block? | Bifid R wave |
| Which medication used to treat heart disease resets heart muscles cells to re-establish sinus rhythm by blocking the sodium channels open? | Lidocaine |
| How much blood enters the ventricles due to venous return alone (blood entering atria from veins) and not atrial contraction? | 80% |
| Which medication used to treat heart disease causes less sodium to be available to be pumped out which reduces the Na+ chemical gradient? | Digitalis |
| A term that reflects a condition of abnormally low plasma potassium levels? | Hypokalemia |
| Described as a gallop, this heart sound may be normal in children and young adults, but indicates disease if over 30 years old? | S3 |
| What type of tissue makes up the conducting fibers of the heart which carry its action potentials? | Cardiac Muscle |
| What characteristic of an EKG would indicate Myocardial Infraction? | Enlarged Q and/or inverted T |
| According to our notes, what is the normal heart rate? | 75 bpm |
| What is the valvular condition during isovolumetric relaxation? | All 4 valves are closed |
| The "charge" or voltage differenc at the Motor End Plate is known as the end plate "-----"? | Potential |
| What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the right ventricel? | 12-25/0 |
| The value in milliliters for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat? | 70 ml |
| A condition caused by long term pulmonary diseases that increase afterload in right ventricle, causing the right ventricle to work harder, &hypertrophies (enlarges), is known as? | Cor Pulmonale |
| What would be the average heart rate if the vagus nerves were destroyed? | 100 bpm |
| How high can the ejection fraction reach during excerise? | 90% |
| Which neurotransmitter reduces heart rate and strength of contraction? | Acetylcholine |
| Wht is the name for the volume in a heart chamber at the end of its contraction period? | End Systolic Volume (EDV) |
| What characteristic of an EKG would indicate atrial hypertrophy? | Enlarged P wave |
| Does atherosclerosis increase or decrease afterload? | Increase |
| Preload is represented by the amount of blood returning to the atria which is known as? | Venous Return |
| Which medication used to treat heart disease reduces the amount of calcium pumped out of the heart muscle cells? | Digitalis |
| The sodium pump moves Potassium ions "in or out" of the cell? | In |
| The tension on the heart chamber wall just before contraction is called? | Preload |
| The phase of a cardiac cycle when the ventricles begin to relax, but all valves are closed? | Isovolumetric Relaxation (IVR) |
| The resistance or pressure against which the heart must pump is known as? | Afterload |
| Where is the edema that is typical of left heart failure? | Lungs |
| Which of the adrenergic receptors causes bronchodilation? | Beta 2 |
| The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the higher blood pressure reading? | Systole |
| Which medication used to treat heart disease forces calcium to build up within the cardiocytes which increases SOC | Digitalis |
| A term that means a sudden, extreme, attack bordering on suffocation? | Paroxysmal |
| Another name for the secondary pacemaker of the heart? | Atrioventricular Node |
| Generally, what is the formula for determining your maximum heart rate for testing? | 220-"age" |
| A term for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat? | Ejection Fraction |
| The innermost lining of the heart is known as? | Endocardium |
| In the trilogy of heart failure, the third phase is? | Myocardial Infarction |
| Ischemic Necrosis | Myocardial Infarction |
| What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the left atrium? | 8/0 |
| Which valve prevents blood in the right atrium from entering the venae cavae? | None |
| Which medication used to teat heart disease reduces the Sodium-Calcium counter Transport(secondary active transport)? | Digitalis |
| A condition caused by potassium efflux in which the inside of a neuron becomes "MORE NEGATIVE" than the resting state is known as "-----" polarization? | Hyperpolarization |
| What is the mean arterial pressure? | 96 mm Hg |
| How much blood enters the ventricles due to atrial contraction? | 20% |
| a state of neuron in which the inside of a neuron is negative, the outside is positive and there is more sodium on the outside, more potassium on the inside? | Resting |
| Which of the neurotransmitters discussed in our CV notes is a negative chronotropic factor? | Acetylcholiine |
| What is the systolic pressure in the left ventricle? | 120 mm Hg |
| The tension in the heart wall chamber just prior to contraction represents? | Preload |
| Does the loss of arteries due t tissue damage increaseor decrease afterload? | Increase |
| What is a probable cause for most angina pain? | Lactic acid build up in the heart |
| Which of the heart sounds represents closure ofthe atrioventricular (AV) valves? | S1 |
| A scientific term for a truly multinucleated cell is? | Anatomical syncytium |
| Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk? | Pulmonary Semilunar Valve |
| Name the ion channels effected by acetylchloline? | potassium channels |
| The left heart continues to push blood into the right heart, however, the right heart is not pushing this blood out. where does the fluid leak out? | The periphery especially the lower extremities |
| Does the loss of arteries due to limb amputation increase or decrease afterload? | Increase |
| The inside of the cell becomes more "positive" or "negative" if K+ is pumped IN? | positive |
| One noteworthy characteristic of the action potentilal as t passes through the AV node is the AV node"---"? | Delay |
| Which major veins return blood to the heart from structures below the diaphragm? | Inferior Vena Cava |
| Which of the two atrioventricular valves is predominantly heard while listening to the heart sounds? | Mitral and Bicuspid |
| The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by the filling of the heart's chamber? | Diastole |
| Which part of the conducting system of the heart begin at the apex & move up the sides of the heart & into the papillary muscles? | Purkinjie Fibers |
| Is there more potassium "inside or outside" of most cells? | Inside |
| In the trilogy of heart failure, the first phase is ? | Coronary Artery Disease |
| Does the loss of ateries due to scaring increase or decrease afterload? | Increase |
| Which of the heart sounds represents closure of the Semilunar valves? | S2 |
| Long term emphysema may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading to Right Heart Failure - this condition is known as? | Cor Pulmonale |
| Are cardiac muscle cells "striated or non-striated"? | Striated |
| The valve between the left ventricle and ascending aorta? | Aortic Semilunar Valve |
| Caused by Cor Pulmonale, this is due to a permanent increase in the afterload for the right ventricle? | Right Heart Failure |
| A large artery leading from the right ventricle to the oulmonary arteries | Pulmonary Trunk |
| A drug to treat heart disease causes vasolilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow? | Nitroglycerine |
| The name for the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat? | Stroke Volume(SV) |
| for the trilogy of heart disease, a reversible condition in which the wals of the arteries in the heart are damaged? | Coronary Artery Disease |
| Reversible damage of the heart muscle due to reduced blood flow? | Myocardial Ischemia |
| A fancy-schmancy term that indicates that a person passed out due to anxiety or fear of a needle? | Vasovagal Episode with Concomitant Syncope |
| Another name for epinephrine is? | Adrenalin |
| A point-of-no-return that is reached when the inside of a neuron becomes more positive at which an action potential is generated? | Threshold |
| Where is the edema seen that is typical of right heart failure? | The periphery especially the lower extremities |
| What structure prevents the diastolic pressure in the pulmonary arteres from falling to zero? | Pulmonary Valve |
| An enzyme that is needed for the production of amino acids & used in Kreb's Cycle. When cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels? | Serum Glutamic - Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) |
| An inrease in blood pressure of the arteries of the lungs caused by lung disease and subsequent loss of its vasculature? | Pulmonary Hypertension |
| The wall between the two atria is known as? | Interatrial septum |
| What is the approximate systolic/diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries? | 12-58/8 |
| Which substance is pumped INTO a cell by the sodium pump? | Potassium |
| A sound that indicates too much volume in artium as in Mitral Valve regurgitation when heard in patients over 30 years old? | S3 |
| An electrical rate of over 300/minute is known as? | Fibrillation |
| An abnormal "Gallop" indicating possible myocardial damage which causes stiff walls(noncompliant or non-elastic)which vibrate when blood hits them an makes sound. | S4 |
| An enzyme that transfers a phjosphate group to another molecule. When cells die, this enzyme spills out to elevate its plasma levels? | Creatin Kinase(CK) |
| Which part of the desending aorta is located above the diaphragm? | Thoracic |
| A "dimple" or indentation in the interatrial septum that marks the location of a fetal pulmonary bypass? | Fossa ovalis |
| The portion of the cardiac cycle represented by contraction of the heart? | Systole |
| Another name for left heart failure is? | Congestive Heart Failure(CHF) |
| The first part of the aorta leaving the heart? | Ascending Aorta |
| If the SA node stops working, the secondary pacemaker of the heart will take over, but the heart rate is known as "----" or "----" rhythm? | Nodal or Junctional |
| The value for the percent of the blood pumped out each beat? | 58.33% |
| Difficulty breathing when lying down is known as? | Orthopnea |
| What is the volume(in millilters) of blood in a heart chnmber at the end of its relaxation period? | 120 ml |
| A condition caused by sodium influx in which the inide of a neuron becomes more positive? | Depolarization |
| Factors that effect heart rate are known as? | Chronotropic |
| What happens to the contraction of a heart chmaber if the tension on the walls of that chamber increased just prior to contraction? | Increases |
| do cardiac muscles require relatively more "extracellular calcium" or "intracellular calcium" compared to skeletal muscles? | Exracellular |
| Sudden, extreme, attack of breathing difficulty that occurs at night? | Paraoxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea |
| A reduction in blood flow is called? | Ischemia |
| This process is an example of primary active transport? | Sodium Pump |
| Small "appendage"- like chamber that adds volume to the left atrium? | Left Auricle |
| The S3 sound in adults over 30 years old may be caused by what cardiovascular condition? | Mitral Valve Regurgitation |
| A sac that surrounds the heart? | Parietal pericardium |
| What is a normal sinus rhythm for a neonate(new born)? | 120 bpm |
| Long term black lung may cause a permanent increase in the afterload of the right heart leading to Right Heart Failure - this condition is known as? | Cor Pulmonale |
| A group of drugs used to treat heart disease causes vasolilation of the coronary arteries to increase their blood flow? | Nitrates |
| This maintains the electrochemical gradients fro cells? | Sodium Pump |
| The inside of the cell becomesmore "positive" or "negative" if Na+ is pumped IN? | Positive |
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