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A&P2lec11
CU anatomy and physiology 2. Dr Hartman
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adaptive immunity | ability for the body to defend itself against specific invadors |
| Antigens | substances recognized as foreign by the immune responses |
| what are the distinguishing properties of adaptive immunity? | specificity and memory |
| what cells derive from bone marrow that are involved in adaptive immunity | T cells and B cells |
| T cells develope from | pre-T cells that migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus at which they become immunocompetent under the influence of thymic hormones |
| Before T cells leave the thymus and B cells leave the bone marrow they recieve somethin | they recieve several distinctive surface membrane proteins. some of these surface proteins function as specific antigen receptors. |
| B cells develope? | B cells complete their development and become immunocompetent in bone marrow |
| what is the gratuation rate of T and B cells? | 5% |
| The two tests that T-cells must pass are | 1st-positive selection--requires a t cells to recognize MHC proteins by binding to them Administerd by APC's Test 2- negative selection requires a T cell to regonize self-antigens and NOt bind to these administerd by APCs. passing second test=selftolera |
| Two types of adaptive immunity in the body | cell-mediated immunity (CMI) and antibody-mediated immunity |
| CMI | cell-mediated immunity |
| AMI | antibody-mediated immunity |
| what does cell-mediated immunity do? who do they fight? | T-cells destroy cells with foreign antigens. Always cells attacking cells. THey fight cells containing intracellular pathogens (parasites and viruses), some cancer cells, and cells of transplanted tissue |
| what type of adaptive immunity will attack transplanted tissue? | Cell-mediated immunity because it attacks cells. |
| What does Antibody-mediated immunity do? who do they fight? | B-cells secrete antibodies that attack antigens or a substance that contains an antigen. |
| What is AMI also known as? why? | humoral immunity because it is the one that deals with all of the liquids of the body and doesn't enter in. |
| Clonal selection | a process by which an immune cell proliferates and differentiates in responce to a specific antigen |
| Clonal selecetction happens where | it happens in in secondary lymphatic organs/tissues. |
| What two major types of cells result from clonal selection | effector cells and memory cells |
| effector cells are | the ones that actually do the work to destroy the antigen or infected cell that contains the antigen |
| Memory cell | with long life spans provide a faster second-invasion response by proliferating and differentiating into more effector cells and more memory cells. |
| chart page two of chapter 11 | |
| Antigens- are what? (antibody generators) | are large complex molecules that are recognized as foreign by antigen receptors when introduced to the body. mostly proteins but can be polysaccharides |
| How does an antigen enter the lymphatic tissue after getting past the nonspecific defenses? | ...by either: penetrating the skin and entering lymph vessels leading to lymph nodes:::penetrating mucous membranes and lodging in MALT:::Entering an injured blood vessel and being carried into the spleen. |
| MHC | Major Histocompatability complex |
| MHC are called "self antigens," why? | they are called self-antigens because they are recognized by ones own body's immune system as a 'friend'.but they are recognized in someone else's immune system as a foe. |
| MHC proteins are a series of proteins that are what? and important why? | that are unique to each person. THey are important because they regulate immune responses, especially those in the process of antigen presentation by determining, through the use of two different classes, whether or not to kill/repair a particular cell |
| What is the biological role of MHC protiens? | to bind small peptides and to present these small peptides(foreign or non-foreign antigens) on the cell's surface. Once presented on cell membrane - a type of T-Cell will come and inspect the small antigen peptide and rule self or non-self antigen |
| MHC-1 proteins are about what? | they are in nucleated cells adn are constantly expressed. function to sample internal contents of the cell and present them endogenously synthesized antigens (antigens formed within the body)these then attract cytotoxic T-cells |
| MHC-II Proteins are about what? | they are only expressed when called upon by Antigen presenting cells. MHC-II proteins present exogenously derived proteins such as bacterial producs. These attract helper T-cells |
| Antibodies - Ab | aka immunoglobulins (Ig). these are the antigen receptors located on the B-cell's surface membrane and are secreted by plasma cells(the effector cells of B-cells) into the plasma in response to antigens. |
| The structure of antibodies consists of and thus looks like | it consists of two heavy and two light !peptide! chains. These are held together by disulfide bonds. they look like a 'Y' |
| ToF each antibody has constant and variable regions | TRUE |
| The variable region of an antibody is | the antigen-binding sites. Each Ab has two identical antigen-binding sites at the ends of the arms of the Y |
| antigenic determinant | the part of the antigen that attaches to the Ab |
| the constant region of an antibody is | is known as the stem and it determins whether the Ab will - remain bound to the Bcell as the B_cell antigen. activate complement, act as a opsonin to promote phagocytosis, join another to form a lager complex, get secreted, transported, g |
| IgM | Massive - larges in diameter |
| IgG | Gazillion, Gravid Give it to others. highest% of circulating antibodies |
| IgA | ABC's (little kids with blocks) found in secretions such as saliva, respiratory mucus, GI secretions, breast milk. (half of the benefit of breastfeeding) |
| IgE | exotic worms, enviornmental allergies. helps fight against parasitic worms and plays a role in enviornmental allergies |
| IgD | dont know |
| How do B cells recognize that a foreign antigen is present? | Bcells can recognize and bind to antigens in extracellular fluid. |
| How do T cells recognize that a foreign antigen is present? | T cells can only recognize fragments of antigens that are being presented (with MHC protein) on a cell's membrane |
| nucleated cells of the body can process and present what to who? | Nucleated cells of the Body can process endogenous antigens and present them to T cells |
| how are exogenous antigens presented to T cells? | processing and presenting exogenous antigens to T cells requires the work of "professional antigen-presenting cells" APC's. |
| the abbreviation APC's is specifically referring to which apc? | It is referring to proffesional antigen presenting cells that use MHC - II proteins. These can thus present exogenous proteins |
| What do Professional APCs do? what do they include? | they break down foreign invaders (containing exogenous proteins) and present them to helper T cells using MHC-II proteins. APCs include macrophages, B cells and most important Dendritic cells |
| Steps in processing and presenting antigen by a professional APC incude | 1phagocytosis of antigen 2digestion of antigen into peptide fragments 3synthesis of MHC-II proteins 4fussion of two vesicles (antigen vesicle + MHC-II vesicle) 5formen of antigen-MHC-II complex 6insertion of the antigen-MHC-II into plasma membrane of APC |
| What happens after the APC processes the antigen? | The APC migrates to lymphatic tissue to present the antigen to helper Tcells. once ther a small number of helper T cells that have the correct antigen receptor bind to it- triggering either a CMI or AMI response. |
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jseekins
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