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Muscle & Epithelial
Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cytology | Study of cells |
| Histology | Study of tissue & cells (using microscope) |
| What two main components make up tissues? | Cells & Matrix |
| Matrix | This is what the cells are embedded in. |
| What does the matrix contain? | water, small solutes (nutrients & metabolic wastes) and macromolecules (proteoglycans, polysaccharides & fibrous proteins) |
| What macromolecules are in the matrix? | proteoglycans, polysaccharides & fibrous proteins |
| How do the types of tissue differ from one another? | 1) in the types & functions of their cells 2) in the composition of their matrix 3) relative volume occupied by cells & matrix (i.e. many cells close together & not much matrix OR just a few cells & lots of matrix) |
| What are the four primary tissue types? | Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective |
| What does muscle tissue contain? | electrically excitable cells for contraction |
| What does nervous tissue contain? | electrically excitable cells for message transmission |
| What does connective tissue contain? give an example of this | tissue for support & protection. EX: blood= supports the body (nourishes) and protects (blood clotting etc.) |
| What does epithelial tissue contain? | closely layered cells to cover surfaces |
| Compare muscle and epithelial tissue? | in both of these, cells are closely packed together & the matrix is scarcely visible |
| Compare muscle & nervous tissue? | both contain electrically excitable cells |
| Compare nervous & connective tissue? | In both of these, cells are farther apart and most of the tissue is matrix |
| What is muscle tissue specialized for? | contraction |
| "myo" | "muscle" |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary, uniformly striated muscle consisting of long threadlike cells called muscle "fibers" or "myofibers" |
| How are skeletal muscles attached? what are the exceptions? | They are generally attached by means of tendons to bone (in two different areas). Exceptions: tongue, diaphragm & sphincter muscles |
| Nucleus in skeletal muscle? | Cells are multinucleated, with nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane. This happened because embryologically, skeletal muscles will fuze to form one big cell with many nuclei. |
| Cardiac Muscle | involuntary muscle (with some striations) limited to the heart. Consists of shorter, branching fibers that are joined end to end by junctions called intercalated discs. |
| Intercalated discs | Joins two cardiac muscle cells end to end, functioning as a mechanical and electrical link between cells. |
| Explain the function of "gap junctions" in the intercalated discs | Electrical "gap junctions"= protein channels that allow ions, etc. to pass between cardiac cells. They allow a wave of electrical excitation to travel rapidly from cell to cell so that all cells of the heart chamber are stimulated & contract as one unit |
| nucleus of cardiac cell? | Cells have only one nucleus, located near the center & often surrounded by light-staining region of glycogen. |
| Smooth muscle | involuntary, non-striated muscle consisting of relatively short fusiform cells |
| Where is smooth muscle found and what is its function at each location? | found around blood vessels (controls blood pressure & flow, vasoconstriction), lining the walls of GI tract (controls churning of stomach & peristalsis), in uterus (controls labor contractions) & in urinary system. |
| nucleus of smooth muscle? | cells have a single, centrally placed nucleus. |
| What two types of cells are found in nervous tissue? | Neurons and Neuroglia (neuroglial cells) |
| Neurons | specialized for generation of and conduction of electrical signals |
| Neuroglia | provide anatomical and functional support for neurons. (anatomical = helps bind them where they should be) (functional = helps nourish them) |
| How do neuroglia differ from neurons? | they do NOT conduct impulses, and they are 5 x more abundant than neurons |
| cell body (of neuron) | cell's center of metabolic control; contains nucleus |
| Dendrite | highly branched cytoplasmic extensions of cell body, receives impulses from another neuron |
| Axon | single cytoplasmic extension that conducts impulses away from neuron to other cells |
| end bulb | used in nerve transmission |
| draw skeletal muscle | two longitudinal parallel cells, make sure nuclei are near plasma membrane and there are many uniform striations |
| draw cardiac muscle | two little branching "Y"'s with frayed edges. (connection = intercalated disc). Nuclei in middle, don't forget striations |
| draw smooth muscle | just draw a small fusiform (spindle shaped) cell with nucleus in middle. don't forget to shade it in. NO striations. |
| draw a neuron | don't forget end bulb, axon, branching dendrites, cell body w nucleus in middle |
| epithelial tissue | consists of a sheet of closely adhering cells (one or more layers) with little intercellular material and no blood vessels. Covers surface of the body, lines surfaces in cavities and hollow organs, also lines ducts. |
| Where does epithelial tissue exist, more specifically? | It lines tubes for digestive, respiratory, urinary & cardiovascular systems. Also, most glands are composed primarily of epithelium |
| What is epithelial tissue usually lying on and why? | Since there are no blood vessels, the epithelium almost always lies on a layer of connective tissue (which contains blood vessels that nourish it) |
| Basement Membrane | Epithelium adheres to the connective tissue by means of a basement membrane. The basement membrane ismade up of collagen (fibers) and glycoproteins. |
| What is the upper surface i.e. the "free surface" of epithelium exposed to? | "free surface" of the epithelium is usually exposed to the environment or internal space in body (lumen) |
| How are different types of epithelium categorized by? | 1)shape of the most superficial cells 2) how many layers |
| Simple epithelium | composed of one layer of cells which all rest on the basement membrane. Every cell reaches the free surface of the epithelium |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | composed of a single layer of flat, thin cells. They are shaped like fried eggs with bulge where nucleus is. Adapted for rapid diffusion & transport of substances (like O2 & CO2). |
| Where is simple squamous epithelium found? | lines air sacs in lung tissue inner lining= endothelium of blood capillaries |
| draw simple squamous epithelium | draw basement membrane, single layer of thin cells: "fried eggs" with bulge where nucleus is. Nucleus is flattened in the bulge, like a yolk. top view, they look like fried eggs |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | composed of single layer of square-shaped cells (with spherical nucleus located in middle). |
| Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found? | found in liver, salivary & thyroid glands, as well as the ducts of glands. Also found lining kidney tubules. |
| draw simple cuboidal epithelium | draw basement membrane, single layer of square cells. spherical, centrally placed nuclei. |
| Simple Columnar Epithelium | composed of single layer of tall, narrow shaped cells (with oval shaped nuclei at bottom 1/3 of cell). Sometimes they have cilia, sometimes not. They are adapted for absorption and secretion. Many possess goblet cells. |
| Goblet Cells | Unicellular glands that secrete mucin. |
| Where is simple columnar epithelium found? | Fallopian tube = ciliated (movement of egg to uterus) Lines small intestine = non-ciliated (nutrient absorption). |
| draw simple columnar epithelium | draw basement membrane, single layer of tall, narrow cells; oval nuclei in basal portion of cell. ciliated or not depending where it is. (fallopian = ciliated. small intestine = not ciliated). insert Goblet cells? if she asks for them... |
| Pseudostratified Epithelium | every cell does contact the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the free surface. Possesses goblet cells and is almost always ciliated. |
| Function of pseudostratified epithelium | secretes and propels mucus |
| where is pseudostratified epithelium found and what does it do there? | found in nasal cavity & trachea of respiratory tract, where it moves mucus (containing trapped dust, etc.) toward throat to be swallowed. |
| draw a pseudostratified epithelium | draw basement membrane, tall narrow cells with little 1/2 triangle cells in between, so that all cells reach basement membrane but not all of them reach free surface. Nucleus in each column and triangle. Add cilia and maybe goblet cells if asked? |
| Stratified Epithelium | can range from 2 to 20 layers of cells; these layers rest on one another and only the deepest layer is attached to the basement membrane. The deeper cells are usually a different shape than the surface cells |
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | provides protection. Surface cells=flattened, but deeper cells=cuboidal. Deeper cells r only ones close to blood supply=mitotically active stem cells. daughter cells become flatter as they push toward surface until they finally die & flake off |
| Exfoliation | Cells dying and sloughing off at the surface. |
| Exfoliation Cytology | studying exfoliated cells (i.e. PAP smear to check for cancer |
| Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium | All epithelial cells are living. found on surface of tongue, esophagus & vagina. We need protection here, but no need for keratin since these tissues stay moist since they are inside the body. |
| Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium | surface consists of dead cells packed with the tough, water-proof protein called keratin. Found in epidermis, especially palms & soles. |
| what is characteristic of all epithelial membranes? | constant loss & renewal of cells. |
| How often does skin "renew" itself (all skin cells replaced?) | every 2-3 weeks |
| HOw often does epithelium of stomach "renew" itself (all cells replaced?) | every 2-3 days |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | found in ducts of glands, i.e. sweat glands |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | scarce. Seen only in places where two other epithelial types meet. (larynx, pharynx, male urethra) |
| Transitional Epithelium | found only in the urinary system (kidneys, ureters & bladder). Somewhat similar to strat. squamous, but surface cells are living cells, and are either cuboid/rounded or stretched out, depending on whether bladder is empty or full. adapted for stretching |
| Draw transitional epithelium in an empty bladder | draw basement membrane, three layers of quickly drawn circular cells (no time for nuclei), and make the top layer four very large swollen cells w nuclei, label lumen |
| Draw transitional epithelium in a full bladder | draw basement membrane, three layers of quickly drawn circular cells (no time for nuclei), and draw two stretched out, flattened cells on the top layer. label lumen |
| Tight Junctions | proteins in the membranes of two adjacent cells that form a zipper like pattern (near the apical portion of cell). Seals off the intercellular space and makes it difficult for substances to pass between cells |
| Desmosomes | area that holds two cells together near the basal portion of the cell; they serve to keep cells from pulling apart and thus enable a tissue to resist mechanical stress |
| Gap Junction | a pore surrounded by a ring of proteins in the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells; allows ions & solutes to diffuse from cytoplasm of one cell to the next. EX: electrical communication between cardiac cells. |
| transitional epithelium is found in the _____ | urinary system |
| _____ prevent fluids from seeping between epithelial cells | tight junctions |
| muscle cells & neurons are often called _____ because of their shape | fibers |
| the only type of muscle that lacks gap junctions is ______ | skeletal muscle |
| an epithelium rests on a layer called the ______ between its deepest cells and the underlying connective tissue | basement membrane |
| any epithelium in which every cell touches the basement membrane is called a _____ epithelium | simple |
| squamo- | scale (squamous) |
Created by:
kalmetina
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