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Advanced Nutrition
Protein
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do hydrolases do? | cleave compounds |
| what do isomerase do? | transfer atoms within a molecule |
| what does ligase or synthase do? | join componds |
| what does oxidoreductase do? | transfer electrons |
| that does transferase do? | move functional groups |
| T or F? hormones are protein | true |
| what is a steriod hormone derived from? | cholesterol |
| what are the 7 main protiens in our body? | immunoprotiens, catalyst, structural, buffer, transporter, fluid balancers |
| what is a conjugate protein? example? | proteins that are joins to other nonprotein components. glycoprotien, mucus |
| what is the primary source of protein needed to synthesize needed nonessential AA and nitrogen-containing compunds? | Exogenous protein |
| where is exogenous protein is found? | plant and animal sources |
| how are endogenous protein obtained? | Desquamated mucosal cells, Digestive enzymes and glycoprotiens |
| Some example of conditionally indispensable diseases if u can cannot synthesize a non-essential AA | neonates, immature liver function, inborn errors of metabolism |
| types of proteins the liver synthesize | transport, anti-clotting, immunoprotection, acute phase protiens, heat shock proteins |
| What does insulin do during AA metabolism. is the nitrogen + or -? | + nitrogen balance, increase protein synthesis, and reduced degradation. |
| what does glucagon do to AA metabolism? nitrogen balance + or -? which state? | - nitrogen balance, decrease protein synthesis, increase degradation Fed fast state. |
| deamination | removal of amino group with no direct transfer to an other group |
| what type of reaction is transmination? which enzyme? | transfer of amino group from one AA to an other AA carbon skeleton or alpha-keto acid. aminotransferase |
| purpose of urea cycle | disposal of ammonia |
| what becomes... to the molecule that gains an amino group and the molecule that loses the amino group | + amino group= AA - amino group= a-keto acid |
| what vitamin does aminotransferase require? | B6 |
| Which AA do not participate in deamination and transdeaminatin? 3 | lysine, histidine and threonine |
| what is a carbon skeleton/a-keto acid? | amino groups that have been removed ex: urea cycle |
| Does the liver uptake AA after a meal? or does the AA float around in the plasma? | floats in the plasma |
| what is the plasma as far as AA metabolism goes? | pool |
| Are there more essential AA or non essential AA floating around in the pool ? | more non-essential AA |
| how many grams of endogenous proteins is produced? | 150g |
| What is the purpose of glutamine in the urea cycle? | transport ammonia to the urea cycle |
| between where does glatamine transport? | liver, kidneys and intestine |
| when is glutamine really needed in the muscles? | hypercatabolic conditions sepsis and truama |
| importance of analine for the intertissues | for the AA metabolism from the intertissues to bring to liver |
| what does the liver convert analine to? | converts it to glutamate or glucose |
| what does urinary 3-methylhistidine indicate? | index of muscle break down and protein catabolism in many tissues of the body |
| T or F? the liver has branched chain aimotranserfase? | false. |
| where does the reaction with the aminotransferase take place? | cytoplasm and mitochandria |
| T or F? the decarboxlation of the aminoTase is reversible. | False |
| what does leucine do in the muscles? what metabolism? | stimulates insulin release, which in turn stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown. fat metabolism |
| Why are the BCAAs important in the mucsle? | to go through the stress state |
| what metabolism in the muscles does valine go to? | goes to carbohydrate metabolism |
| what metabolism in the musclesmdoes isoleucine go to? | both carb and fat |
| are growth hormones anabolic or catabolic? give example of growth hormone | anabolic, insulin |
| What affects the rate of AA oxidation to the AA pools? | the surplus or deflict of certain AA and hormonal factors |
| what are the 2 pools of nitrogen metabolism? | protein turnover (degradation vs synthesis) and nitrogen balance (intake vs output) |
| True or F? protein syn and degrad. are dependent control | false they are under independent control. |
| when you are growing, is body going under degradation or synthesis? | synthesis |
| when body fever, protein synthesis or degradation? | degradation |
| what is the percentage of resting energy metabolism of prot. synth & degrad? | 10-25% |
| What are the nitrogen waste products? | creatinine, urea, urea acid, ammonia |
| 4 reasons non-growing bodies need protein? | 1. constant degrad and synthesize 2. need engergy-->gets rid of nitrogen 3.body needs to breakdown own protein 4. maintenace |
| What source does high quality protein come from? what makes it high quality? | has all the indispensibable protein humans need. comes from animals |
| t or f? gelatin is a high quality protein? | false |
| what sources have low quality protein? | plants |
| what are the 3 things that evaluate protein quality? | 1. nitrogen balance/ N status 2. chemical or amino acid score 3. protein degistibility corrected AA score |
| what is the indispensable AA present in the lowest quatity in a food? | limiting AA |
| what is mutual supplementation? | certain different types of proteins can be ingested together so that their AA patterns are complementary |
| What is measured in evalutating nitrogen balanced? | measure intake and outake |
| what is the % of N with 1g of protein? | 16% of nitrogen |
| what loses are measured for N lose? | fecal, skin, urine |
| does N balance always signify AA balance? | no |
| why have N balance studies been over seen in true N retention rates? | for incomplete collection of measurement in N loses |
| in the chemical AA score... what is the purpose? | AA composition of a test protein through chem. analysis |
| in the chemical AA score...what type of AA is determined? | indespensable/essential |
| in the chemical AA score...what is the value compared with? | reference protein |
| in the chemical AA score....T or F? the aimo acid with the lowest score determines the chemical score of the protien? | True |
| what does PDCAAS stand for? | Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score |
| what does PDCAAS measure? | digestiblity of test protein |
| formula for AA score | indisp. AA in food protein (mg/g)/content of the same AA in reference protein |
| formula of PDCAAS % | mg of AA of test protein/ amt of the same AA in reference protein X digestibility |
| formula for children PDCAAS | requir. of AA for children/ protein requir, in gr |
| order the highes percentages for PDCAAS: soybeans, lentils, milk | milk 100%, soybeans 94%, lentils 50-70% |
| 1. what is an alternative way to measure PDCAAS? 2. what age group? 3. expressed as (reference pattern)? | 1. compare with AA composition of test protein with a reference pattern 2. pre-school children 3. AAmg/g protein |
| What does PER stand for? | Protein Efficiency Ratio |
| what does PER represent? | body wieght gained with test protein |
| young or old animals are experimented on PER? | young |
| formula PER? | gain in wt (g)/ wt(g) of protein consumed |
| in PER what is the g of casein? | 2.5g |
| T or F? PER comparison of test proteins are linear? | False! |
| Can u compare PER with fat and muscle mass? | nope |
| what does BV stand for? | Biological Value |
| what does BV measure? | how much N is retained for maintenance and growth instead of absorbed |
| how is BV tested? | nitrogen-free diet for a period the diet with test protein for similar period. |
| BV... what do they measure for N lose? | urine and fecal from both diets |
| formula of BV? | N retained/ N absorbed X 100 |
| are insensible loses measured? | no |
| BV for egg? | 100 |
| what does NPU stand for? | Net protein utilization |
| what does NPU measure? | measure retention of food nitrogen consumed rather than absorbed |
| NPU what 2 groups are tested on how do they calculate it? animals or humans? | animals, one group feed protein other group has no protein. after they calculate nitrogen retention in carcass |
| formula for NPU | N retained/ N consumed X 100 |
| T or F? if NPU is high quality of protein is high | true |
| on food label... who is the % daily value for? | -4 yo or health claim |
| on food label...what type of test does infants need to determine protein in food? what is the general test? | PER=infants PDCAAS=normal |
| on food label... A. What is the 4 components the RDA is based on for protein? B) what is the RDA for adults? C) RDA for what type of AA? | A) 1. obligatory loses 2. catabolism of AA from dietary protein prior to use by the body 3.mixed quality of proteins 4.biological variability B) 0.8g/kg C) indispensable |
| on food label...What does AI stand for? who is it used for? | 1. adequate intake 2. -6 months |
| T or F? there is no upper limit on protein intake | true |
| What is mostly damaged with high protein diets? | bones and kidneys |
| What does AMDR stand for? what is it for protein? | Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range: 10-35% |
| What AA can provide non-specific nitrogen requirement for the body bc it can convert into many despensible AA? | Glutamate |
| conditionally undispensable AA | body not able to make non essential AA |
| purpose of catabolism for AA | formation of glu, ketone body production, cholesterol & FA production |
| interorgan flow of skeletal muscles | leucine. isoleucine, valine |
Created by:
carobuis
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