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A&P2lec10

Cedarville university Anatomy and Physiology 2, Dr. hartmen

QuestionAnswer
Two broad catagories of the resistance mechanisms. Innate immunity and adaptive immunity
Of these two broad catagories of resistance mechanisims (Innate and adaptive immunity), they can be further divided into three lines of defence. 1st line: skin & mucus membranes 2nd line: internal non-specific defenses 3rd line: T & B lymphocytes
pathogen disease producsing organism that produce toxins
innate immunity is specific to the pathogins that it protecs against. T or F False, responds to a wide range of pathogins
Broadly, what does innate immunity consist of? external, physical, and chemical barriors provided by skin and mucus membranes.
first line of defence of innate immunity includes both ___1___ and ___2___ protection. What are some examples 1: mechanical 2:chemical skin, mucus membranes, flow, chemicals
innate immunity: skin -> 1st line must have intact epidermis, also sweat can function under this catagory though it is a liquid that does flow...
Innate immunity: mucus membranes -> 1st line includes, mucus, cilia and hair
Innate immunity: Flow -> 1st line includes most everything that is excreted out of the body: tears, saliva, persperation, urine, defecation, vomiting, sneezing etc. the protection is either due to the mechanical aspect of the flow or the chemicals in the flow.
innate immunity: Chemicles -> 1st line especially chemicals that are on teh surface of the barriers: gastric juice (1.5-3.0pH kills everything), vaginal secretions are slightly acidic, perspiration (lysozyme), and skin produces sebum - low pH due to unsaturated fatty acids and lactic acid.
2nd line of defence, consists of... internal antimicrobial substances, cells, an inflammitory responce, and fever
Innate immunity: antimicrobial proteins -> x3 interferons (IFNs), complement system, iron binding proteins
Antimicrobial proteins: interferons (IFNs) intention is prevention of virus spreading. interferons are produced and released by an infected lymphocyte or macrophage. then diffuse into other cells and cause production of antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication
Antimicrobial proteins: complimentary system and some examples of Cascading system: group of 20 proteins in blood plasma and cell membranes. once stimulated, 20 proteins function to "compliment" or enhance certain immune, allergic, adn inflammatory reactions. Cytolysis, chemotaxis and osponization-processes of this
antimicrobial protiens: Iron-binding proteins do what are some examples of Remove iron from body fluids- inhibits microbial growth. transferrin, lacto ferrin, ferretin, and hemoglobin.
innate immunity: cells -> broad catagories (function)2nd line phagocytes and natural killer cells
Phagocytes - what are they and what do they do? cells that specialize in phagocytosis, include neutrophils and macrophages. process is chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing.
Natural killer cells- what are they and what do they do? NK cells have very little limit on what they can attack. they release perforins that insert into the plasma membrane of a microbe and make the membrane leaky -> cytolysis also can produce apoptosis.
Innate immunity -> inflammation: 2nd line occurs when: and purpose of: occurs when: cells are damaged by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents. purpose of: dispose of invader at site, prevent spread, prepare for healing.
Innate immunity -> inflammation: 2nd line characterized by: three stages Four symptoms: redness (rubor), pain (dolor), heat (calor), and swelling (edema), loss of function may result. three stages - vasodilation & increased capillary permeablility, stage 2 phagocyte migration, stage 3 tissue repair
Three stages of inflammation - 1st Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability - Caused by histamine. (kinis, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and complement also). Vasodilation, quickens arrival of defensive guys. increased capillary permiability=defensive guys leave blood
histamine is released from where? in connective tissue, mast cells and in blood, basophils and platelets
Vasodilation and icreased capillary permiability function in the same respect. ToF false: vasodilation gets the defensive substances faster, but increased capillary permiability allows the defensive substances to get out of the blood stream where they reside much easier.
three classes of protein that enter injured tissue antibodies, complement, clotting factors (fibrinogen)
three stages of inflammation -2nd stage phagocytic migration chemotaxis is their guide, by emigration or diapedesis they squeeze out of capillary walls, neutrophils arrive first then the clean-up crew of macrophages come. Neutrophils die quick but macrophages die within a coupld days. accumulation of dead = pus
what is pus and how does it get there? the collection of dead macrophages and neutrophils *(dead b/c they ate damaged tissue). pus drains into a body surface, gradually destroyted and reabsorbed.
Abscess- when and excessive accumulation of pus occurs in a confined (non-draining) space
three stages of inflammation- tissue repair nothing written just know as third
Inflammatory mediators are they are different substance3s that promote vasodilation, increase vascular permeability and act as chemotaxins. EXAMPLES -> Histamine, prostaglandins (PGs) and kinins, compliment system, cytokines which act as pyrogens
histamine a powerful inflammatory mediator released from basophils and mast cells
prostaglandins (PGs) and kinins - formed when cells are injured, also activate pain receptors. PG antagonists include NSAIDS and corticosteroids
pyrogens fire-starting... cause fever
innate immunity: fever -> 2nd line usually results from infection by bacteria (and their toxins) and viruses. the high body temperature inhibits some microbial growth in addition to speeding up body reactions that aid repair.
Created by: jseekins
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