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Imp People in Evolu
The movers and shaker of evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Greeks thought on Evolution | Creation was de-deified; Origins of life were non-teleological. |
| Anaximadner (610-546) | 1st organism arose through metamorphasis/1st animal generate in moisture |
| Empedocles (402-432) | Floating body parts=combined to be a person |
| Plato (427-347) | Essentialism; Animate Cosmos; Creative supernatural power |
| Essentialism | belief in a constant fixed idea of something independent of appearance |
| Concept of animate Cosmos | Living harmonious whole; arguement against evolution |
| Creative supernatural power | Spontaneous Generation |
| Aristotle | 1st great naturalist; Continuity of nature and fixity of species; Scala Naturae |
| Scala Naturae | Ladder of Nature to connect simple forms to more complex with humans at the top. |
| Dr. John Lightfoot | calculated creation at 9:00 AM 10-23-4004 B.C. |
| James Hutton (1736-1797 | Gradualism |
| Charles Lyell (1797-1875) | Uniformitarianism; "Principles of Geology" |
| William Smith (1769-1839) | Principles of Faunal Succession |
| Uniformitarianism | gradual change accounts for earth's surface today |
| Catastrophism | Cataclysmic events like fires and floods account for earth's changes |
| Buffon - French Naturalist | 35 volumes of natural history; Recognized epochs |
| Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) | Classification of Linnaeus: patterns of similarity for animals and plants/hierarchical classification |
| Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) | Father of Paleontology; Father of comparative anatomy; huge fossil collection |
| Cuvier's Hypothesis | Species are fixed to what LaMarck had said - Species may become extinct - Different assemblages of fossils occur at different times based on the layers |
| Jean Baptiste LaMarck (1744-1829) | 4 vol. of Flora; Tutor to Buffon; becoming Professor of Invertebrates; 1st to propose mechanism for evolution; openly rejected immutability of species - variable populations |
| Lamarkian Evolution - Philosophie Zoologique (1809) | Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Universal Creative Principle |
| Lamarkian Extinction | Animals changed not dead; not 'extinct' we just don't recognize them |
| What was wrong with Lamarck? | change is directed toward greater complexity - perfection; capacity to react to special conditions in the environment remain in harmony with the environment |
| Charles Robert Darwin's Birthday | February 12, 1809/ Father was a physician/ Mother Wedgewood China |
| Darwin's College | Christ College in Cambridge |
| Mentor of Darwin in Biology | Professor of Botany, Rev. John Henslow |
| Ship and duration of trip | H.M.S. Beagle / 5 yrs instead of 2 / leaves 1835 |
| Captain of Ship | Capt. Robert Fitzroy |
| Geologist that influenced Darwin | Charles Lyell - uniformitarianism - Principles of Geology |
| Fossils brought on | Biodiversity - everything was new - giant ground sloths |
| Galapagos Islands | 4-6 million years old - volcanic - still active -named after tortoise |
| Birds of Darwin | Mockingbirds and Finches |
| Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) | "Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society" |
| Key Points of Malthus | Population increases exponentially EXCEPT there is a limit on resources so there is a limit on growth; tendency to increase is checked by availability of food |
| Idea of Natural Selection | Read Malthus - 1838 - Return from voyage |
| Full Title | On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life |
| Publication Date | Nov. 24, 1859 / 23 years after return of the Beagle |
| Some other Darwin Works | Geology and History of various countries visited by H.M.S Beagle/ Structure of Coral reefs/ Sub-class cirripedia/ |
| Alfred Russel Wallace | Almost scooped Darwin on Natural Selection/ Prompted Darwin to Present both paper at Linnaen Society of London/ Publishes 1859/ Lyell and Hooker present both Theories |
| Why did it take so long | Accumulating Evidence/ Fear of Reprecussions |
| Key Features of Origin | Descent with Modification - espoused unity of Life - tree-like history - pioneered phylogenic thinking and representation |
| Key Features 2 | Theory of Natural Selection - primary mechanism for Descent with Modification - process by which the environment eliminates the less well adapted members of a population - Less well adapted mean having lower relative reproductive success |
| Key Features 3 | was percieved as gradual - was similar to and extensively compared with artificial selection |
| Basics of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection: 3 inference based on 5 facts | Fact 1: all species would increase exponentially if all animals had the same chance of successful reproduciton |
| Fact 2 | Except for minor fluctuations, and the occasional major, populations display stability |
| Fact 3 | Natural resources (food, water, space, shelter) are limited. In a stable environment, they remain relatively constant |
| Inference 1 | "struggle for existence" over resources w/in a population |
| Inference 2 | Survival for struggle for existence is not random; depends on heredity constitution of surviving individuals that have unequal survival and reproduction is natural selection |
| Fact 4 | No two individuals are identical; every population displays enormous variability |
| Fact 5 | Much of this variation is heritable |
| Inference 3 | OVer generations, this process of natural selection will lead to a continuing of gradual change of populations (evolution) and to production of new species |
| Stephen J. Gould's Simple Explanation | Organisms vary and variations are passed on to offspring - Organisms produce more offspring than can survive - off spring that vary most strongly in direction favored by environment will survive and reproduce |
| Real Time | pesticide, antibiotics, melanic moths |
| Results of natural selection | adaptation are any features that increase an individual's fitness - evolutionary fitness is usually measured by relative reproductive success |
| Darwin's Impact - short term | Descent w/ Modification - quickly accepted - Theory of Natural Selection - remained controversial into the 1900's |
| Ultimate Impact | most revolutionary idea in Western Thought |
| Books by Darwin after 1859 | Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication; Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex; Insectivorous Plants; Power of Movement in Plants |
| (Johann) Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) | Established concept of gene as the unit of heredity |
| T. Dobzhansky | Drosophilia natural selection and speciation |
| G.L. Stebbins | Natural selection and speciation of plants |
| G.G. Simpson | genetics and natural selection as consistent with the fossil record |
| Ernst Mayr | Distribution and variation w/ selection, systematics, and biogeography - Biological Concepts - Concept of allopatric speciation |
| "Darwin's Bulldog | Thomas Henry Huxley - |
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