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(biology)
HBiology(Genetics)
| Question/Term | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Genetics | The science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms |
| Who was Mendel(mid 1800s)? | Had idea that organisms inherit traits in discrete units - genes |
| Define Gene | Basic unit of heredity, give specific instructions, located in DNA |
| How many genes do humans have? | 20,000-25,000 |
| Define Chromosomes | Tightly coiled DNA, packaging |
| Each cells have how many pairs of chromosomes? | 23 pairs |
| Chromosome pairs 1-22 are... | Autosomes(Non-sexual chromosomes) |
| Female chromosomes? | XX |
| Male chromosomes? | XY |
| Define Homologous pairs | Chromosomes 1-22 and XX in female |
| Define Heredity | Passing info to offspring |
| Top half of chromosome is labeled... | P |
| Bottom half of chromosome is labeled... | Q |
| Define Centromere | Band between top and bottom half of chromosome |
| Define Allele | Produce variation in inherited characteristics, two or more versions of a gene such as blood type, eye color and freckles, can be dominant or recessive |
| Define Gametes | Egg and Sperm cells that under go a special process, meiosis |
| What can the composition of DNA be compared to? | Sticky Gum |
| Define Haploid | 23 chromosomes - n |
| Dominant is usually indicated by... | UPPERCASE |
| Recessive is usually indicated by... | lowercase |
| Define Genotype | Refers to the genes of an individual, attached(e) or unattached earlobes(E) |
| Define Homozygous Dominant | Both Allele uppercase/dominant |
| Define Homozygous Recessive | Both Allele lowercase/recessive |
| Define Heterozygous | One Allele dominant and one recessive |
| Can only tell Genotype if... | Recessive |
| Define Phenotype | Characteristics that are expressed(seen), physical, Punnett Square |
| Define Monohybrid Cross | Both parents are heterozygous for a given trait |
| Define Diploid | 2n, beginning of meiosis, 46 chromosomes |
| Define Homologous Pair | 2 pairs of chromosomes split in meiosis 1 |
| Genotypic Ratio in Monohybrid Cross | 1:2:1 |
| Phenotypic Ratio in Monohybrid Cross | 3:1 |
| Punnett Square is based on... | Probability, percent chance |
| Can possibly determine Genotype by... | Children's characteristics |
| Dihybrid Cross | Parents are heterozygous with two traits |
| Incomplete Dominance | Heterozygote is the intermediate Curly + straight hair = wavy hair |
| Codominance | Alleles are equally expressed in heterozygotes |
| Multiple Alleles | More than two different alleles exist for the same trait Ex: Ia,Ib,i |
| Blood types | Antigen or no antigen on red blood cells |
| Phenotype for blood type A | IA+IA or IA+i |
| Phenotype for blood type B | IB+IB or IB+i |
| Phenotype for blood type AB | IA+IB(codominance) |
| Phenotype for blood type O | ii |
| Blood type cannot be used... | To prove paternity |
| Polygenic Inheritance | Controlled by several sets of alleles. Produces a continuum of phenotypes. EX: eye, hair, skin color, height and weight |
| What is represented by bell curve? | Polygenic |
| Multifactorial Traits | Environmental factors play a role |
| Autosomal Dominant | AA or Aa |
| Autosomal Recessive | aa |
| Autosomal Recessive Disorders | Both parents must be affected or carriers |
| Taysachs(ARD) | Affects europeans, lifespan of four years, build up of fatty substance on nerves |
| How often are red blood cells made? | 120 Days |
| Cystic fibrosis(ARD) | Caucasian, not proper amount of water in mucus allowing for bacteria to grow and the mucus to block openings |
| Phenyleketuna(PKU)(ARD) | Cannot break down amino acid> Phenylalanine, build up causes brain damage, strict diet |
| Sickle Cell(ARD) | Irregular shaped red blood cell that cannot pass through narrow blood vessels and clump, cause of infections and tissue damage |
| Autosomal Dominant Disorders | Child must have at least one affected parent |
| Marfan Syndrome(ADD) | Body's connective tissue is abnormal affecting bones, lungs, heart, blood vessels and covering of spinal cord(cartilage, adipose, tendons...) |
| Huntington's Disease(ADD) | Onset is middle age with additional 10-15 years, mutation of amino acid Glutamine which clump on neurons. Loss of motor control, intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance |
| Sex Linked | Allele on sex chromosome |
| If dad has affected sex linked allele... | It will always be passed to daughter b/c he gives only X |
| Muscular Dystrophy(Sex linked Disorder) | Wasting away of muscle tissue, onset 3-5 years with additional 20 years, primarily affects boys |
| Hemophilia A+B(Sex Linked Disorder) | Blood lacks protein and unable to clot, lifespan is generous with regular transfusions |
| Cancer | Balance is distrupted b/c of mutation of DNA |
| Normal Tissue | The rate of new growth and old cell death are in balance |
| Telemere | Protects end of chromosome, shortens with each cell replication before disappearing all together after 60-70x |
| Carcinogen | Anything that causes cancer |
| Carcinogenesis | Process of normal cells being made into cancer cells EX: Tabacco, radiation, free radicals(bi products) |
| Initiation of Cancer | Carcinogen causes mutation in DNA of normal cell |
| Promotion of Cancer | Cell with mutation divides rapidly |
| Progression of Cancer | Cancer cells invade surrounding areas and spread to other regions of body |
| Benign Tumor | Grows locally and can't invade other tissue, only removed with distrupting other body functions |
| Cancer in situ | can progress or remain encased but can be classified as stage 1 |
| Malignant | Going to or has spread by invasion or metastasize |
| Invasion of Tumor | Invade nearby tissue, prostate>bladder |
| Metastasize of Tumor | Enters blood supplies and relocates, prostate>lung |
| Metastasized Cancer is Named... | Metastatic + origin of tumor |
| Most Common Forms of Cancer | Lung, prostate/breast, colon |
| Lung cancer rate for Woman | 26% |
| Lung cancer rate for Men | 29% |
| Prostate cancer rate for men | 11% |
| Breast cancer rate for Woman | 15% |
| Colon cancer rate | 9% |
Created by:
spanish09
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