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Microbiology Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| heterotroph | consumes carbon in an organic form (humans & animals? |
| autotroph | uses inorganic CO2 as a carbon source (Fungi & bacteria); makes carbon itself |
| phototroph | get energy from photosynthesis (plants) |
| chemotroph | get energy from chemical compounds |
| Saprobe | Type of chemotroph that get energy and carbon from dead material |
| parasite | type of chemotroph that steals carbon from another organism; eat off host |
| psychrophile | like it really cold -15C - 15C |
| Mesophile | 20C-45C |
| Thermophile | like it hot 45C- 80C |
| obligate aerobe | survives only with oxygen |
| obligate anaerobe | doesnt use oxygen but oxygen doesnt kill it right away |
| strict anaerobe | will die from oxygen |
| microaerophile | likes a little bit of oxygen (1-15%) |
| facultative anaerobe | will grow better with oxygen, but wont die without it |
| halophiles | archea and some bacteria |
| barophiles (barometric) | grow at high pressure |
| acidophiles | acidic environment 1-6 pH |
| symbiotic | actively reacting with each other (organisms) |
| mutualism | 2 organisms living in beneficial environment |
| commensalism | affects one organism but other one isnt harmes |
| parasitism | one organism (parasite) is taking something/harming other |
| non-symbiotic | each organism does own thing |
| synergism | doesnt need each other but it is sometimes helpful to other |
| antagonism | one organism drives other nuts (tearing down forrest) |
| pour plates | mix media/plate and it may grow inside or on top of spread |
| spread plate | spread on top of agar |
| spectrophotometry | based off turbidity; machine measures % of light through tube |
| lag phase | time when bacteria are adjusting to new environment |
| log phase | growth rate is at its highest during this phase |
| stationary phase | rate of cell death and division is 1 to 1 |
| log death phase | cells begin to die exponentially |
| biphasic growth curve | two growth curves on top of each other once it gets to stationary phase, it will switch and turn into lag phase 2 |
| transverse binary fission | a cell divides on the transverse plane |
| glycolysis | 1 glucose --> 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 Net ATP |
| pyruvate decarboxylation | 2 pyruvate --> 2 Acetyl- CoA & 2 NADH |
| TCA cycle (Krebs Cycle) | 2 Acetly- CoA --> 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP |
| Electron Transport Chain | for every NADH oxidized --> 3 ATP produced for every FADH2 oxidized --> 2 ATP produced |
| central dogma of life | DNA transcribed to RNA then translated to protein DNA --> RNA --> Protein |
| helicase | before replication, enzymes bind to origin of DNA |
| dual replication fork | when they meet ligases link the DNA fragments along the lagging strand |
| leading strand | synthesized continuously in 5' to 3' direction |
| lagging strand | synthesized 3' to 5' in short strands |
| ligation | catalyzing formation of bonds with input of ATP and removal of water |
| Transcription | DNA --> RNA |
| mRNA (messengerRNA) | RNA that is going to transcribe into protein |
| tRNA (TransferRNA) | involved in making protein |
| rRNA (RibosomalRNA) | protein synthesis in ribosomes |
| sRNA (SmallRNA) | regulatory RNA doesnt turn to protein |
| Translation | RNA --> Protein |
| Codon | tells which amino acids to link together |
| Start Codon | AUG |
| Stop Codons | UGA, UAA, UAG |
| Ribosomes | keep linking new amino acids into chains until they reach a stop codon |
| primary structure | series of amino acids in a chain |
| secondary structure | CO- and NH- groups from Hydrogen bonds |
| Tertiary structure | portions of secondary for covalent bonds |
| Quaternary structure | only in proteins that consists of more than one polypeptide chain |
| Heat sterilization | dry heat 121C for 10 or 170C for 1 hour |
| what doesnt sterilize | boiling disinfects wont sterilize |
| mechanical control mechanism | disinfecting |
| chemical control mechanism | bleach, alcohols, periols, peroxide (O2 damage |
| pasteurization | 71.6C for 15 secs or 63-65C for 30 mins |
| physical chemical controls | filtration (0.33um filters), heat, pasteurization, inceneration, radiation (x-rays, gamma rays) UV light |
| target cell envelope | bleach, alcohols |
| target protein/DNA | gamma, x-rays, Ultraviolet red |
| Alter protein function (denaturing) | based off pH |
| mechanisms of antibiotic resistance | -decrease membran permeability -efflux pump -target modification -modification of antibiotic |
| efflux pump | use energy to "split" antibiotic out |
Created by:
lindsayjones11
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