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GC Chapter 12
Neural Tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Division of PNS that brings sensory info to the NNS | Afferent Division |
| Division of PNS that brings Motor commands to the muscles/glands from the CNS | Efferent Division |
| Efferent Division of the PNS that controls motor function | Somatic Nervous System |
| Efferent Division of the PNS that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, gland activity | Autonomic Nervous System |
| Cytoplasm surrounding the neucleus | Perikaryon |
| branches from the axon that can help the neuron communicate with many other cells | Collaterals |
| Neuron found in brain/special sense organs, with undistinguishable axons and dendrites, found in brain/sense organs | Anaxonic Neurons |
| Neuron that relay sight, sound or smell, have two process separated by a cell body, found in sight, sound and hearing organs | Bipolar Neuron |
| Most common neuron in sensory neuron, has a single elongate process, with cell body off to the side, found in sensory nerves of PNS | Unipolar Neuron |
| Most common neuron in CNS, motor neurons that control skeletal muscle, common in the CNS, skeletal muscle neurons | Multipolar Neuron |
| Receptors that monitor the position and movement of the skeletal muscles and joints | Proprioceptors |
| Neuroglia of CNS that line ventricles in the brain/central canal of the spinal cord, produces CSF | Ependymal Cells |
| Neuroglia of CNS that maintains blood/brain barrier,absorbs and recycles neurotransmitters | Astrocytes |
| Neuroglia of CNS that myelienate CNS axon, provide structural framework | Oligodendrocytes |
| Neuroglia of CNS that remove debris,waste, pathogens by phagocytosis | Microglia |
| Neuroglis of PNS that surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulate O2 and CO2 nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia | Satellite Cells |
| Neuroganglia of PNS that surround all axon of PNS to mylienate PNS axons | Schwann Cells |
| temporary local change in the resting potential of the cell membrane, decreases with distance | Graded Potential |
| electrical impulse that is spread along the surface of the axon, does not diminish as it moves away from the source | Action Potential |
| a shift from the resting potential of the cell membrane closer to 0 | depolarization |
| The process of restoring resting potential after depolarization | repolarization |
| the loss of positive ions, causing an increase in the negativity of the resting potential, (-70mv to -80mv)decreases with distance | Hyperpolarization |
| Initial refractory period lasting 0.4-1.0 msec | Absolute refractory period |
| Refractory period when sodium channels return to resting condition, until membrane potential stabilizes at resting levels | Relative Refractory period |
| Nerves of the Efferent division of Nervous system that innervates skeletal muscle | Somatic motor neurons |
| Nerves of the Efferent division of Nervous system that innervate peripheral effectors, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands,adipose tissue | Visceral Motor Neurons |
| If resistance is high the current is | Small |
| If resistance is low the current is | Large |
| Channels that are always open but change shape in response to local conditions | Leak channels |
| Channels that open/close in response to specific stimuli | gated channels |
| Channels that open after binding with specific chemicals | Chemically gated channels |
| Type of axon fibers, large diameter/myelinated, speeds up to 120m/s | Type A |
| Type of axon fibers, smaller diameter/mylientated speeds up to 18m/s | Type B |
| Type of axon fibers, smallest diameter/unmyelienated, speeds up to 1m/s | Type C |
| Synapses in which membranes are locked together by gap junctions, in some areas of the brain, eye and in one pair of PNS ganglia | Electrical Synapses |
| Most abundant type of synapse, cells are not directly coupled, postsynaptic cell is not a slave to the presynaptic cell | Chemical Synapses |
| Neurotransmitter of Adrenergic synapses, distributed in the brain and portions of ANS | Norepinephrine |
| CNS neurotransmitter that effects precise control of movement | Dopamine |
| CNS neurotransmitter that effect a person's attention and emotional states | Serotonin |
| CNS neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect | GABA |
| gas generated by synaptic terminals that innervate smooth muscle in thw waslls of blood vessels in the PNS and synapses in several regions of the brain | Nitric Acid |
| gas generated by specialized synaptic terminals in the brain, functions as a neurotransmitter | Carbon Monoxide |
| Neurotubules, neurofilments, neurofibrils | Components of Neuron cytoskeleton |
| Dense areas of RER and ribosomes, makes the appearence of gray matter | Nissl Bodies |
| cytoplasm and perikaryon | Cell body |
| 80-90% surface area of neuron, fine processes that recieve info from other neurons | Dendrites |
| Carries signal to target | axon |
| Cytoplasm of axon, contains neurotubles neurofibrils, enzymes and organelles | Axoplasm |
| Specialized cell membrane of axon, covers axoplasm | Axolemma |
| Initial segment of axon | Axon Hillock |
| Where a neuron communicates with another cell | Synapse |
| Chemical Messengers that released at presynaptic membrane, affect postsynaptic membrane, broken down by enzyme and reassembled in the synaptic terminal | Neurotransmitters |
| Afferent neurons of the PNS | Sensory Neurons |
| Efferent neurons of the PNS | Motor Neurons |
| Monitor internal systems, internal senses | Interoceptors |
| Monitor external senses, distance senses | Exteroceptors |
| Temporary, local changes in resting potential caused by a stimulus | Graded Potential |
| electrical impulse, produced by graded potential, propogates along axon to the synapse | Action Potential |
| slower movement of action potential down the axon, occurrs in unmyelienated axons | continuous propagation |
| faster movement of action potential down the axon, occurs in myelienated axons, depolarization occurs only at nodes | saltatory propagation |
| when a neurotransmitter cannot replenish fast enough to meet the demands of an intense stimulous | synaptic fatigue |
| occurrs between arrival of action potential at synaptic terminal and effect of postsynaptic membrane | Synaptic delay |
| neuromodulators that bind to same receptors as morphine and opium and relieve pain | opioid peptides |
| graded potentials that occur in postsynaptic membrane in response to neurotransmitters, IPSP, EPSP | postsynaptic potential |
| Graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane | IPSP |
| graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane | EPSP |
| multiple EPSPs at one synapse | temporal summation |
| stimuli arrive at multiple synapses | spatial summation |
| when EPSPs accumulate to raise membrane potential closer to threshold so a small stimuli can trigger an action potential | facilitation |
| Directly opens Cl- channels, directly opens K+ channels and block entry of Ca2+ | GABA |
| Indirectly G protiens and second messengers, Directly opens Ca2+/Na+ channels on pre/postsynaptic membranes | Glutmate |
| an enzyme complex coupled to a membrane receptor | G Proteins |
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