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Micro Chapter 14
vocabulary for microbiology chapter 14: principles of disease and epidemiology
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| etiology | the cause of disease |
| pathology | scientific study of disease |
| pathogenesis | the manner in which a disease develops |
| infection | the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms |
| disease | when infection results in any change from a state of health |
| disease | an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or incapable of performing its normal functions |
| normal microbiota | microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence (colonize) but that do not produce disease under normal conditions |
| microbial antagonism | once established, the normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms |
| symbiosis | the relationship between the normal microbiota and the host; living together |
| commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one of the organisms is benefited and the other is unaffected |
| mutualism | type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms |
| parasitism | type of symbiosis where one organism is benefited at the expese of the other; many disease causing bacteria are this |
| opportunistic pathogens | bacteria that ordinarily do not cause diseasein their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment |
| incidence of a disease | the number of people in a population who develop a disase during a particular time period; it is an indicator of the spread of disease |
| prevalence of a disease | the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared; takes into account both new and old cases; indicator of how serously and how long a disease affects a population |
| sporadic disease | disease that occurs only occasionally; ie typhoid fever |
| endemic disase | a disease that is constantly present in a population; ie the common cold |
| epidemic disease | a disease where many people aquire it in a relatviely short period; ie the flu can be, ghonorhea |
| pandemic disease | an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide; ie flu can be, AIDS |
| acute disease | a disease that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time; ie the flu |
| chronic disease | disease that develops more slowly, and the body's reaction may be less severe, but the disease is likely to be continual or recurrent for long periods of time; ie hepatitis B, TB |
| subacute disease | a disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic |
| latent disease | disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms; ie shingles |
| herd immunity | the presence of immunity in most of the population |
| local infection | an infection in which the invading microbes are limited to a relatively small area of the body; ie boils and abscesses |
| systemic (generalized) infection | microbes or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lypmh; ie measles |
| focal infection | when agents of a local infection enter a blood or lymph vessel and spread to other specific parts of the body, where they are confined to specific areas of the body; can arise from infections in areas such as the teeth, tonsils, or sinuses |
| bacteremia | the presence of bacteria in the blood |
| sepsis | if the bacteria in the blood actually multiply |
| toxemia | the presence of toxins in the blood; ie in tetanus |
| viremia | the presence of viruses in the blood |
| primary infection | an acute infection that causes the initial illness |
| secondary infection | infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses |
| subclinical (inapparent) infection | infection that does not cause any noticable illness; carriers may never develop the illness |
| predisposing factor | one that makes the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease; ie gender, genetic background, climate, nutrition, age, environment, preexisting illnesses, etc |
| incubation period | the time interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms; depends on the specific microbe involved, its virulence, the number of microbes, and the resistance of the host |
| prodromal period | relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases; characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease such as aches and malaise |
| period of decline | when the signs and symptoms subside, fever decreases, and feeling of malaise diminishes; during this time patient is vulnerable to secondary infection |
| period of convalescence | person regains strenght, body returns to its prediseased state; recovery has occured |
| reservoir of infection | source that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission; may be human, animal, or nonliving |
| carriers | some people can harbor pathogens and transmit them to others without exhibiting any signs of the illness; important living reservoirs of infection |
| zoonoses | diseases that occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans; ie rabies and lyme disease |
| contact transmission | the spread of an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission |
| direct contact transmission (person-to-person transmission) | the direct transmission of an agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptable host; no intermediate obect is involved |
| indirect contact transmission | occurs when the agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object |
| fomite | any nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection |
| droplet transmission | type of contact transmission; microbes are spread in droplet nuclei (mucus droplets) that travel only short distances, less than 1 meter |
| vehicle transmission | the transmission of disease agents by a medium such as water, food, or air, body fluids, intravenous fluids |
| waterborne transmission | type of vehicle transmission; pathogens spread by contaminated water |
| foodborne transmission | type of vehicle transmission where diseases transmitted via foods incompletely cooked, poor fridgeration, unsanitarily prepared |
| airborne transmission | type of vehicle transmission; spread of agents of infection by droplets of mucus that travel more than 1 meter; TB and measles ie |
| vectors | animals that carry pathogens from one host to another |
| mechanical transmission | one method in which anthropod vectors transmit disease; the passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet or other body parts; ie on food ppl eat |
| biological transmission | one method in which anthropod vectors transmit disease; the passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet or other body parts; an active more complex procdess than mechanical transmission; through viomiting while biting or in saliva transmitted |
| nonsocomial infection | one that does not show any evidence of being present or incubating at the time of admission into the hospital; is aquired as a result of hospital stay |
| compromised host | one whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns; broken skin or mucous membranes and a suppressed immune system |
| epidemiology | the science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations |
| descriptive epidemiology | entails collecting all data that describe the occurance of the disease under study; generally retrospective (looking back after episode has ended), but can be prospective (looking forward) |
| analytical epidemiology | analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause; can be done with case control method or cohort method |
| case control method | looks at factors that may have preceded the disease; study two populations, group who has disease and group free of disease and the two groups are compared |
| cohort method | epidemiologist studies two populations: one that had contact w/agent causing the disease and another that had not |
| experimental epidemiology | begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease; experiments to test hyp. are conducted |
| case reporting | an effective way to establish the chain of transmission; requires health care workers to report specified diseases to health officials (from Nationally Notifiable Diseases list) |
| morbidity | the incidence of specific notifiable diseases |
| mortality | the number of deaths from those notifiable diseases |
| morbidity rate | the number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population |
| mortality rate | number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the total population |
Created by:
hanalin2
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