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Step 1 10.2.12
Microbiology III
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| G+, anaerobe, branching filaments, not acid fast. pathogen? | Actinomyces |
| G+, aerobe, branching filaments, acid fast. pathogen? | Nocardia |
| G+, anaerobe, rods. pathogen? | Clostridium |
| G+, arobe, rods. pathogen? | Bacillus |
| G+, rods, can be anaerobe or aerobe. pathogens? | Corynebacterium, Listeria |
| G+ cocci clusters, catalase +, coagulase +. pathogen? | Staph. aureus |
| G+ cocci clusters, catalase +, coagulase -, novobiocin sensitive. pathogen? | Staph. epidermidis |
| G+ cocci clusters, catalase +, coagulase -, novobiosin resistant. pathogen? | Staph. saprophyticus |
| G+ cocci chains, catalase -, partial (green hemolysis) alpha, capsule, wont grow in bile, optochin sensitive. pathogen? | Strep. pneumoniae |
| g+ cocci chains, catalase -,complete hemolysis beta, bacitracin sensitive. pathogen? | Strep pyogenes. Group A |
| G+ cocci chains, catalase -, partial (green hemolysis) alpha, no capusle, optochin resistant, insoluble in bile. pathogen? | Viridans strep |
| G+ cocci in chains,catalse -, complete hemolysis beta, bacitracin resistant. pathogen? | Step. agalactiae. Group B |
| G+ cocci in chains, catalase -, no hemolyisis (gamma). no growth characteristcs. Pathogen? | Enterococcus (E. faecalis). not can be alpha or gamma hemolytic |
| G+ cocci in chains, catalase -, no hemolyis (gamma), grows in bile, not in 6.5% NaCl. pathogen? | Strep Bovis |
| What are the 3 types of hemolysis? | alpha= partial, green. beta= complete, clear gamma= none |
| Which is resistant to novobiocin, Staph saprophyticus or staph epidermidis. how to remember? | Sapro=resistant. Epidermitis=sensitive. On Stap retreat, tje was NO StRES |
| Which resists optochin, Strep viridans or Strep pneumoniae? | Viridans is resistant. OVRPS (overpass) |
| Which resists bacitracin, Group B or Group A strep? | Group B resists. B-BRAS |
| What 2 organisms cause alpha hemolysis in blood agar? | Strep pneumoniae (optochin sensitive), Viridans Strep (optochin resistant) |
| What type of hemolysis is seen in an organism that is catalase and coagulase +? | Staph aureus. beta hemolytic |
| What type of hemolysis is seen in catalase - and bacitracin sensitive organism? | group A strep. Strep pyogenes. beta hemolysis |
| What type of hemolysis is seen in catalase -, bacitracin resistant organism? | Group B strep. Strep. agalactiae, beta hemolyisis |
| What type of hemolysis is seen in an organims with tumbling motility, causing meningitis in a newborn and in unpasterized milk? | Listeria. see beta hemolysis |
| What is the form of staph. aureus and what is its virulence factor and super antigen? | G+ cocci in clusters. virulence: Protein A which binds Fc-IgG. inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis. SAg: TSST- binds MHC II and TCR causing poly clonal T cell proliferation |
| What is seen in Staph. aureus food poisoning and how is it caused? | due to injestion of preformed enterotoxin. causes endocarditis, osteomyelitis |
| What are the ways Staph aureus causes disease? | 1. Inflammatory- skin infection, organ absesses 2. Toxin mediated- TSSt, scalded skin (exfolaitive), rapid onset food posioning (enterotoxin) 3. as MRSA |
| What is MRSA and how is it resistant? | methicillin resistant Staph. Aureus. nosocomial infections. Resists Beta lactams due to altered penicillin binding protein |
| How does Staph. epidermidis cause disease? | normal skin flora, can contamiate a blood culture. infects via prostetic devices or IV catheters |
| What is the most common cause of meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, and sinusitis? | Strep. pneumoniae |
| What is a pneumonic for Strep pneumoniaes vulnerability and diseases? | MOPS (meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, sinustis) OPtochin sensitive |
| What pathogen is assoicted with rusty sputum, sepsis in SCA and splenectomy? | Strep. pneumoniae |
| What bacteria is G+ lancet shaped diplococci that is encapsulated? how does it infect the respiratory tract? | Strep. pneumoniae. is able to infect due to IgA protease |
| What diseases does Viridans strep cause, how do you differentiate them on growth media? | normal flora of oropharynx. dental caries (S. mutans), bacterial endocarditis ( S. sanguis) at damaged valves. Alpha hemolytic but will be resistant to optochin (in mouth, not afraid of the optoCHIN) |
| What species is Group A strep? | Strep pyogenes |
| An infection of the pharynx with what pathogen can lead to scarlet fever? | Strep. pyogenes |
| What diseases does Strep pyogenes cause? | 1. pyogenic-pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo 2. toxigenic- scarlet fever, toxic shock like syndrome 3.immunologic- glomerular nephritis, rheumatic fever |
| What are the Sx for rheumatic fever and what pathogen precedes it? | no RHEUM for SPECCulation: Subcutaneous plaques, polyarthritis, Erythema marginatum, Chorea, Carditis. Preceded by Staph pyogenes infection |
| What causes Rheumatic fever? | Ab to M protein of Strep pyogenes |
| How do you differentiate between Strep pyogenes and Strep agalactiae? | pyogenes is bacitracin sensitive. |
| What titer is useful for detecting recent S. pyogenes infection? | ASO titer |
| What is group B Strep and what diseases does it cause? | Strep agalactiae. lives in vagina. so causes pnaumonia, meningitis and sepsis mainly in babies. B for Babies! |
| What pathogen produces CAMP factor, and what does it do? | made by Strep agalactiae (group B), enlarges area of beta hemolyisis of Staph. aureus |
| When should pregnant women be screened for group B strep and how is it treated? | Screened 35-37 weeks. tx with intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis |
| What are enterococci (Group D) and what disease do they cause? | normal colonic flora, peniccillin G resistant. cause UTI and subacute endocarditis |
| What composes Group D strep? | enterococci, and non enterococii group D. have same C carbohydrate on bacterial cell wall |
| How do you differentiate b/w enterococcal and nonenterococcal group D in the lab? | enterococci are hardier and will grow in 6.5% Na CL and bile |
| What is VRE and what does it cause? | vancomysin resistant enterococci, important source of nosocomial infectionm |
| What is strep bovis and what disease does it cause? | colonizes gut. can cause bacteremia, subacute endocarditis in colon cancer pt |
| What is the pathogenenis of Corynebacterium diptheriae? | diptheria via exotoxin encoden on Beta prophage. Exotoxin inibits EF-2 |
| A grayish White pseudomembrane on the pharynx and lympadenopathy describes what disease? | Diptheria |
| How do you Dx diptheria? | gram + rods with red and blue granules and Elek test for toxin. grows on tellurite agar |
| What is a useful pneumonic for diptheria infection? | ABCDEFG: ADP ribosylation(of EF-2), Beta-prophage, Corynebacteria, Diptheria, EF-2, Granules |
| What is the advantage of a bacteria froming spores? how do you kill them? | highly resistant to heat and chemicals. dipicolic activity but no metabolic. must autoclave to kill |
| What bacteria from spores? | G+ rods. In soil: Bacillus antracis, Clostridium perfingens, C tetani. Other: B. cereus, C. botulinum, Coxiella burnetti |
| What is the pathogeneis of tetanus from Clostridium tetani? | Tetanic paralysis: blocks GABA and glycine relase from Renshaw cells in SC, causes spastic paralysis, trismus, risus sardonicus |
| Where do you get botulism and what does it cause? | from bad food and honey. get flaccid paralysis |
| What is the pathogenesis of C. botulinum? | toxin prevents aCH release at NMJ. spores in honey for babies. preformed toxin for adults |
| What is the pathogeneisis of Clostridium perfingens? | produces alpha toxin that causes gas gangerene |
| What 2 toxins does Clostridium difficle produce and how do they cause disease? | Toxin A: enterotoxin binding brush border of gut Toxin B: cytotoxin destroying cytoskelton of enterocytes causing a pseudomembranous collitis. |
| What does C. difficle cause and how do you treat? | diarrhea, tx: metronidazole or oral vancomycin |
| How does C. difficle infection happen, how do you Dx? | usually secondary to abtx: clindamycin, ampicillin. Dx with toxin in stool |
| What is the only bacteria with a polypeptide capsule? | Bacillus anthracis: G+ spore former |
| What does anthrax cause and how? | black skin lesions. necrosis surrounded by edematous ring. caused by lethal factor and edema factor |
| What is cutaneous anthrax and sx? | contact with spores. get painless ulcer and can progress to bacteremia and death |
| What is pulmonary anthrax? | inhale spores, get flu like Sx rapidly progressing to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, shock |
| What is Woolsorter's disease? | inhalation of anthrax spores from contaminated wool |
| How do you get Listeria and how does it move? | facultative intracellular microbe. injestion of unpasterized milk/cheese or from vagina during birth. moves characteristcally by tumbling via actin rockets |
| What does Listeria cause? | amnionitis, septicemia, spontaneous abortuon. granulomatosos infantseptica, neonatal meningitis. meningitis in ICPt. gastroeneteritis in normal people |
| How do you Tx Listeria? | usually self limited. ampicillin in infants, ICPt, and elderly |
| What is Actinomyces and what diseases does it cause? | G+ rods, with filamentous branching. oral flora aneraerobe. causes oral/facial absesses. Israelii causes sulfur granules in sinuses |
| What is Nocardia and what disease does it cause? | G+ filamentous aerobe, weakly acid fast. causues pulmonary infection in ICPt |
| What is a Mnemonic fro the treatment of Actinomyces and Nocardia? | SNAP: Sulfa for Nocardia, Actinomycs=penicillin |
| When is a PPD Tb test +? | if current infection, past exposure or BCG vaccinate |
| When is PPD tb test -? | no infection or anergic ( steroid, malnutrition, ICPt, sarcoid) |
| Where does primary Tb usually happen? | Ghon focus in lowerr lobes. can cause death but most usually recover |
| What is secondary Tb and where is the lesion? | udsually upper lobes. in partially immune hyepersenstized adult. get a reactivation causing extapulmonary Tb in CNS, Verterbral boy (Pott's disease), kidney, GI etc. |
| A caseating granuloma with a multinucleated langerhans cell. disease? | Tb |
| what is a Ghon complex? What does it indicate? | TB granuloma (Ghon focus + lobar and perihilar LN invov;lement. Shows primiry infection or exposure with Tb |
| wHAT ARE THE sX OF tB? | FEVER, NIGHT SWEATS, WEIGHT LOSS, hemoptysis |
| What does Mycobacterium kansasii cause? | usually reservoirs, causes Tb like sx |
| What does Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare cause and Tx? | disseminated disease in AIDS Pt. Tx prophylactically with azithromycin |
| How are all mycobacteria statined? | acid fast |
| What is the reservoir for Mycobacterium leprae in the US? What does it like to live in? | armadillos. likes cool temps so infects skin and superficial nerves |
| How do you treat leprosy (Hansen's Disease)? | long term oral dapsone, alternatively rifampin and combo clofazimine and dapsone |
| What are the toxicites of dapsone? | hemolysis and methemoglobinemia |
| What are the 2 froms of Hansens disease? | 1. lepromatous: diffusely over skin, communicable, characterized w low cell immunity, Th2 response 2. tuberculois, few plaques, high cell immunity with TH1 immune response |
| What from of hansen's disease can kill you and what type of immune response? | lepromatous, TH2 resposne |
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tjs2123
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