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Genetics AP BIO A2
AP Biology part on genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genotype | the genetic make up, or set of alleles, of an organism |
| Phenotype | the physical and psychological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic make up |
| DNA | a double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and bases, capable of being replicated and determines inherited structure |
| RNA | a type of nucleic acid with nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil, usually single stranded, functions in protein synthesis |
| Amino Acid | an organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and an amino groups. Serve as the monomers of polypetides |
| Protein | a functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure |
| Punnet Square | a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted results of random fertilization in genetic crosses |
| Dihybrid cross | an organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrid |
| Nucleotides | the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group |
| Bases | nitrogenous compounds that comprise RNA and DNA. DNA uses thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine |
| Helixes | The shape of the DNA strands, two interwoven parts |
| Eukaryote | a type of cell with membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles |
| Prokaryote | a type of cell lacking membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles |
| Haploid | a cell containing only one set of chromosomes |
| Diploid | a cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent |
| Meiosis | a type of cell division required for sexual reproduction: two rounds of cell division and only one of DNA, creating four haploid cells |
| Mitosis | the process of cell division, five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| Chromosome | a cellular structure containing genetic material, found in the nucleus. Consists of one very long strand of DNA and proteins |
| Gene | a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA in some viruses) |
| Allele | any of the alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotype effects |
| Enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, it changes the rate of reaction of a chemical reaction without being consumed |
| Transcription | the synthesis of RNA using the DNA template |
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