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Ash Sociology exam
Exam one
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Case Study about Jason the Architect (build homes) | Kenyans Nairobi Built public house in Nairobi, Kenya. were the food is cooked is unsuitable for guest to see and Jason had made a open floor plan. he should of investigated the culture before building these homes. |
| Cultural anthropologists apply the concept of enculturation to refer to the process by which people acquire their own culture through the learning process. This concept: | is similar to socialization, but emphasizes that an individual learns her/his entire cultural system and cultural content through this learning process. |
| Holism is an important foundation concept for understanding culture. Holism involves: | an approach that studies humans by examining all aspects of the human experience. |
| The concept of “culture” includes: | the idea people learn, the material things people share, the way people behave. |
| The anthropological foundation perspective that a culture’s customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of that culture is known as: | a. cultural relativism |
| Cultural anthropologists compare and contrast the concepts of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Which of these statements is true of the concept/attitude of cultural relativism? Cultural relativism: | a. means that a culture’s traits should be viewed in the context of that culture’s opportunities and limitations b. means that a culture’s traits should be analyzed in terms of their function, meaning, and fit with other traits inside that culture |
| Cultural anthropologists distinguish between emic and etic perspectives. An emic explanation for an event in a culture would be an explanation that: | Drives from the natives of that culture. |
| In a culture with a “collective” orientation [like the Inuit/Eskimo], which of these would be valued: | Sharing |
| One way cultures are shaped is that all cultures must be at least minimally adapted to their external environments. To say that culture is adaptive means that: | culture functions to help a population survive in a particular environment |
| 9. Symbols are one of the most critical components of culture. Which of the following statements is not true of symbols? | Symbols are completely separate from language. |
| Cultural anthropologists apply the concept of holism to interpret the way a culture is structured and functions. They view culture as a whole integrated cultural system. To say a cultural system is integrated means: | all of the cultural parts are tightly connected to all other cultural parts. |
| It is helpful to apply the concept of “culture shock” to interpret your feelings and reactions when encountering other cultures. Culture shock includes: | the psychological distress that can result from trying to operate in an unfamiliar culture. |
| Ethnocentrism is an important concept in cultural anthropology that is used to interpret real world problems because it can affect one’s ability to objectively understand other cultures. Ethnocentrism involves the belief that: | b. other cultures are inferior to one’s own. |
| 3. According to our class discussions about cultural assumptions, which one of the following statements is true | d. Concepts of food, time, and personal space are all likely to be different in different cultures of the world. |
| Gestures are a large part of non-verbal communication. In the U.S. you might use the “thumbs up” hand gesture to signify everything is “A-OK”. If you did this in Greece, Italy, Latin America, or West Africa, it would: | would have a negative connotation that might land you in trouble. |
| LaLone studied what group | Quechua Indians |
| Briggs had to deal with a different father-daughter relationship while studying what group | Inuit/Eskimo |
| The subfield of cultural anthropology that studies living cultures by living with the people and using fieldwork techniques to learn directly from the people first-hand is called... | ethnography |
| Sociologists emphasize that an individual learns her/his society’s social rules and values through the shaping force of social interactions with family members, siblings, teachers, peers, co-workers, and other | socialization Agent |
| To examine another society’s customs objectively (without bias or prejudice) in order to understand the reasons why that society’s customs fit within the context of the cultural system in which they actually occur, is a social science approach | cultural relativism |
| Explain the difference between structured and unstructured interviews: | Structured= Same Question,sequence, and conditions: short answer question(yes no): In personal Ex mail-telephone surveys. Unstructured= open ended question= mixed order and conversational:Direct and personal:takes hours and large amount of data |
| Cultural Anthropology | differences & similarities in contemporary and historically recent cultures. |
| Linguistic Anthropology | to under- stand the complex relationships between language & other aspects of human behavior and thought. |
| Archaeology | reconstruction of past cultures by excavating their material remains. |
| Physical Anthropology | Focuses on using human remains to understand humans as biological beings |
| The Goal of Cultural Anthropology | to gain the broadest & most complete understanding of what it means to be “human” by viewing the full range of human cultures, through comparison of the way cultures are organized in different times & places |
| Foundation Concept: Cross-cultural comparison | studying all varieties of societies around the world, including both small-scale & large-scale societies, to gain an understanding of cultural similarities & differences |
| Cultural Anthropology Evidence: | It is based on the body of evidence collected through ethnography & ethnohistory. |
| Ethnography | the study & description of particular groups of living peoples using fieldwork techniques to collect evidence directly from the people. a written account of how a single population lives |
| Ethnographic fieldwork | living in the community under study, and using ethnographic research methods to learn directly about the culture. |
| Ethnohistory | the study of recently-living people using historical records as the primary evidence. |
| CASE STUDY: MARY LALONE | Quechua Indians Andes of Peru Ethnography of the market places. |
| CASE STUDY: MARY LALONE | Inca: Quechua Indian Ancestors main point it was a Ethnohistory study |
| CASE STUDY MARY LALONE | Appalachian coal mining and farming families Virginia combination of ethnography & ethnohistory. Used both interviewing and learn from historical documents. |
| Important Difference between Anthropology and sociology is.... | Sociology= industrial west, large scale societies, use questioner, sampling and statistical data Anthropology = study small cultures, observe and record data from daily life called fieldwork methods. |
| Sociology | the study of society and human behaviors as they are affected by social interactions within social groups and organizations |
| The sociological perspective | understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context. It stresses that people’s social experiences the groups to whom they belong and their experiences within these groups underlie & shape their behaviors. |
| Focus of Sociologist= | SOCIETY, the SOCIAL ORGANIZATION of GROUPS within society, and the ways in which SOCIAL INTERACTIONS in groups influence people’s behavior |
| Society | the people who share a culture and a territory.group of people,culture, territory, sense of identity, & language(s) for communicating |
| The Cultural System | the view that culture is a whole system in which all the component parts are integrated |
| holistic approach (Anthropology) | integrated system in which all the components are integrated (interlinked. One little change can change the whole culture. (Smaller scale, Qualitative) |
| social organization component (sociology) | – it wants to know how social organization is structured, & how people are shaped by their social relationships as members of groups (large scale, Quantitative) |
| Foundation Concept= Holism | a holistic approach that attempts to study all aspects of human culture. using a cultural system method. |
| Foundation Concept= Ethnocentrism= Short answer | the belief that one’s own culture & way of life is superior to all others, & by extension, judging all other societies’ customs by the standards of your own culture (as worse, inferior, etc.). |
| Foundation Concept= Cultural Relativism | within the context of the cultural system in which they actually occur to try to understand the logic & reasons behind that society’s customs |
| CASE STUDY: Cultural Relativism | Inuit (Eskimo) North America Artic They leave their elder out to die because It hard to find food and it hard to feed a extra mouth that wouldn't help produce food again.Look at this in a cultural relativism perspective. |
| individual orientation. | Example United states Individual needs/wants are placed over the group needs/wants |
| collective orientation | Example= Inuit (Eskimo) also Asia cultures Group needs and what are place over individual needs and wants. |
| Case Study: Yanomamo | Yanomamo South America as part of their diet and consider some insects, like green caterpillars, to be exceptional gourmet treats. They do this because insect are a source of high protein. which is important in their culture. |
| Foundation Concepts: EMIC | a cultural insider’s (native’s) view on why/how things occur, using categories, concepts, & perceptions meaningful to the people who live within the culture |
| Foundation Concept: ETIC | a cultural outsider’s view on why/how things occur, using the outsider’s categories & concepts to describe the culture being studied |
| Cultural assumptions do NOT hold up cross-culturally; they are “culture bound,” | meaning that they are learned assumptions that are Example:Assumptions about beauty and marks of group identity. part of a particular cultural system & those assumptions often do not hold up in other cultures |
| CASE STUDY: EMIC OR ETIC VIEWS | the Padang Asia (Myamar/Burma) Emic View= It a part of their culture and they like them."beauty in the Eye of the beholder" |
| Emic perspective ( not the same as cultural relativism) | he Padang women express their own “emic” views about why they choose to wear the brass neck rings (different from outsiders’ views) |
| Culture | of shared beliefs, behaviors, & artifacts that the members of a society use to adapt to their physical & social environment, & that is transmitted from generation to generation through learning |
| Applied Anthropology & Sociology | Examples: the application of social science methods in community & ! world development, education, the corporate business world, & in medical work |
| Culture Shock | The psychological disorientation When trying to operate in a different society, culture, symptoms = homesickness, withdraw, sleeping more. ETC |
| CAST STUDY: LAOS MOUNTAINS | Hmong Laos Mountains They were in culture shock everything had changed. They were introduced to toilets and planting in specific ares. and not taking other people food. |
| 3 categorize of Culture | Artifacts=Material possessions made or modified for use by humans Beliefs = Ideas, values, attitudes, assumptions, etc.stored in people’s heads Behaviors= Behavior patterns, actions, interactions, customs, etc. of people |
| What is Culture: SHARED | For something to be cultural, it must have a meaning shared by most people in a society. Help predict how ever one will behave |
| What is culture adaptive | Culture stands between humans & the environment. Culture is what humans create & use to adapt to the environment. |
| What is Culture learned. | Enculturelization and socialization. |
| Enculturation | Learning process, human learn about our cultures. |
| Socialization | Learn process, skills, attitudes, roles and norms considered appropriate. |
| socialization Agents | People and groups that teach us our culture and influences our orination to life. |
| Culture is not a biological instinct | Example we have to eat to live but it our culture that teaches us what, when and were to eat. Eli-mating body wast another example. |
| Values | Broad ideas regarding what is desirable, correct and good. US value individuality and achievement and success |
| Norms | Social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate bahviors based on shared understanding |
| Folkways | Customary behavior for daily activity Example clothing |
| Mores | attach greater moral values to Example theft and Rape |
| LAWS | Norm that are formalized and enforced by political organizations. |
| Statuses | Social position in group or society. Ascribed= assigned by birth Ex Daughter Achieved= accomplishment = ex doc Ashlee Onek |
| Roles | behaviors that are accepted for a status. Ex roles for professors and students |
| Case Study : Jean Briggs | Inuit/Eskimo Eskimo are not sposed to speak out in anger and believe in sharing. She almost got kicked out for speaking out in anger. this is a strong role for the Eskimos |
| What is Culture; Changes and evolves | Cultural evolution= dynamic not static. |
| What is culture; | a system of integrated parts |
| Symbols | unify people, identify objects, powerful, provide meaning, part of language, |
| Cultural emphasis | the vocabulary in a language emphasizes words that are adaptively important in the culture. |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | people’s language shapes their perceptions and view of the world. There are several word for snow for Eskimos |
| Nonverbal Communication: | These are learned behaviors that vary according to the particular cultural system that you grow up in, as shown by anthropologist Edward T. Hall. – Facial expressions – Gestures – Eye contact – Posture – Treatment of time |
| Case Study; Cuban American | Cuban American New York Were talking to a police officer and got to close because they had a diffrent cultural perspective on space. cause a big issue |
| Ethnographic Fieldwork | Long-term immersion in a culture with the goal of learning about the culture -- involves systematic data collection to gain accurate & reliable data (evidence) about the cultural system of a society |
| Preparation: | Formulating the research problem, funding, personal preparation |
| Contact person | person who helps make initial introductions |
| Gaining acceptance | Rapport-building = building trust • Trying to adopt appropriate behavior/roles |
| Field journal | a place to put field notes |
| Informants | people knowledgeable about their own culture who assist the ethnographer |
| Data-gathering Techniques: | these are the actual data-gathering procedures you carry out to collect the cultural data four categorizes |
| Relatively unobtrusive techniques(data gathering) | Simple observation • Mapping • Census taking • Document analysis |
| Participant-observation (data gathering) | the fieldwork technique that involves participating in the participating in the culture & actively observing at the very same time – simultaneously doing both! The most important fieldwork technique in cultural anthropology. culture & activel |
| Interviewing ( data gathering) | Structured & unstructured interviews |
| . Photography & mechanical devices ( data Gathering) | very obtrusive |
| CASE STUDY Photographing | rural Kenya Peter Suttons East Africa Islamic area belive that having theri photo taking captures their soal and got very mad at Peter for taking the pic |
| Urban Anthropology | impact city would have on traditional rural areas. how rural and non rural area effect each other. |
| Medical Anthropology | study how biological and sociological factor affect illness and diseases. Example Dr Paul Farmer worked with people in Hatit to find a cure for HIV and Tuberculosis |
| Paleontology | analysis of disease in ancient population |
| Development anthropology | focused effort on pointing out why and how development programs were unsuccessful because they failed to account for local cultural factors . |
| Environmental Anthropology | examine how human population interact with their environment. |
| psychological anthropology | relationship between culture and psychological make up of individuality and groups |
| Case study Susan | American Susan Squires United States works as a new product developer,learned about breafest Kid eat on the run leave house with out eating cause not hungry that earlie Banananas big breafest item. Go-Gurts=Easy to eat, health, and fun |
| Regional Expertises | study in a culture for a long time and gaining alot of information about that culture |
| Topical Expertise | gleaned from fairly specific anthropology studies in one part of the world is likely to have policy relvent to other parts |
| Subcultures | are subsets of the wider culture Ex= Japanese-American |
| Enculturation | aqurie our culture idea values and behaviors by growing up in it |
| Mono-chronic culture | United states, Germany, Switzerland Do one thing at a time, high value on punctuality,prices scheduled |
| polychronic | do many thing at once, no value in punctuality, social relationship are more important |
| Cultural universals | worked out problem that face all human societies. Economic systems, system about marriage and family, educational systems, social control systems, supernatural beliefs, communication |
| Organic Analogy | the earliset functionalist idea that culture systems are integrated into a whole cultural unit in much the same way that the various parts of a biological organism function to maintain the health of the organism |
| invention | new combination of exciting cultural features |
| innovation | recombination of existing cultural items |
| Cultural Diffusion | spreading of a thing, idea and behavior pattern from one culture to another |
| acculturation | specific type of diffusion that take place as a result of sustained contact between two societies |
| Linked changes | single technology innovation may well set off a series of changes in other parts of the culture |
| Case Study Ferraro | Rural Georgia Kewanda grew up in french speaking Zari said he was not a good team player, did not take cristism well, aloof and arogen. having a college degree was huge for him and he had the thought he was a celebratie. His language was always exgera |
| Ethnolinguistics ( cultural linguistics) | relationship between language and culture. |
| stages | select a research problem, research design, collecting data, analyzing the data, interpreting the data, |
| case study Food | Tanzania and Bolivia food insecurity they only consider physiological reason to need food. take in a count all factor related to getting food. there is a hunger season. |
| Why did Chagnon have to do to get the yahomamo to treat him seriously as they would treat a yanomma man? Explain behavior? Shourt answer | Napoleon a Chagnon Had to become sly, aggressive, intemidating and pushy to fit in. He hat to shout back at the Yanomamo with the passion and anger they had shouted at him with. he had to prove he was serious with his tone of voice and use his body |
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