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BIOSCI 003 exam1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Demographic transition | The transition from high death rates and high birth rates to low death rates and low birth rates. |
| Biotic potential | Maximum reproductive capacity of a population; assuming resources are unlimited |
| Limiting factors | Factors that control a populations growth Ex: availability of shelter, availability of energy, current population size, etc |
| Environmental resistance | The environmental conditions that resist and limit a species population growth before it gets out of control or before the species reproduces at a maximum rate |
| Carrying capacity | Maximum population size of a particular species that can sustain indefinitely; assuming the species has all necessities (water, shelter, etc.) provided by its envionrment |
| Replacement-level fertility | This number represents the amount of babies a particular creature needs to have for it to replace itself. So a human RLF is about 2.1 |
| Total fertility rate | Average number of children that would be born from a woman over her lifetime if she would survive throughout her productive stage. |
| Population age structures/pyramids | This is a graphic representation of populations by age. It is typically a pyramid because the population is growing |
| I = P x A x T | impact of human activity on the environment The variables are: I = impact P = population A = affluence T = technology Essentially this describes how growing population, affluence, and technology contribute toward environmental impact |
| environment | all biotic and abiotic factors that influence an organism |
| environmental science | study of how the natural world works, how out environment affects us |
| natural resources | various substances and enegry sources we need to survive |
| non renewable resources | crude oil, natural gas, coal, minerals and metals |
| renewable resources | sunlight, windenergy, georthermal energy |
| potentially renewable resources | soils, fresh water, forest products, agricultural crops |
| sustainable yield | highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply |
| pollution | toxicity - how poisonous degradability - how long it remains in the environment before it breaks down concentration- ppm |
| Net energy | The difference between energy gained from harvesting and energy expended from the act of harvesting |
| Crude oil | Aka petroleum, is a naturally occurring flammable liquid found beneath the earth’s surface. It’s formed from large quantities of dead organisms under intense heat and pressure |
| Peak oil | Is a point in time where the maximum rate of crude oil extraction is reached. |
| Hubbert’s peak | This theory says that for any given geographical area, the crude oil extraction will follow a bell-shaped curve |
| Oil shale | Aka kerogen shale, is a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which is a solid mixture of organic chemicals |
| Oil (tar) sands | Aka bituminous sands, are a type of petroleum deposit. These sands are saturated with a viscous and dense form of petroleum. (specifically called bitumen). |
| Natural gas | Naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture (mostly methane). Found deep underground |
| Primary and secondary extraction | PRIMARY- the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient to force the oil to the surface SECONDARY- after there is a insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface. This requires external energy to force the oil up |
| Hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) | This is a technique used to release petroleum by using a wellbore drilled into reservoir rock formations |
| Coal | Sedimentary rock which is mostly carbon and is combustible |
| Nuclear fission | This process splits an atom into smaller parts, which produces a very large amount of energy |
| Greenhouse gases | This is a type of gas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation |
| Greenhouse effect | Exchange of energy between a source (the sun), earth’s surface, earth’s atmosphere, and outer space. |
| Proxy indicators | Something that can give scientists information to learn about earths climate history. Past climate can be reconstructed using combinations of different types of proxy records will reasonable accuracy. |
| Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) | Volunteer run Scientific intergovernmental body which publishes special reports on topics relevant to climate change and acknowledges the possibility of harmful climate change |
| Geoengineering | Is a proposed way to control climate and the weather. This means humans will purposely add a factor into the system to affect climate. An example is adding or removing certain greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. |
| Biomass | • Renewable energy source, biological material from living or recently living organisms. |
| Hydroelectric power | • Force from water current spins a turbine which produces electricity from an electric generator |
| Active and passive solar | passive - use natural convection to create electricity active solar - heat water without generating electricity |
| Photovoltaic cells | Generates electricity by converting solar radiation into direct electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. (using solar cells) |
| Hydrogen | most abundant element in the universe electricity can be stored in fuel cells produced from water or organic substances |
| carrying capacity | size of an area, net primary productivity |
| birth/death rate | number of live-births/deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year |
| replacement-level fertility | number of children a couple must have to replace themselves |
| total fertility rate | an estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years |
| demographic momentum | when a population continues expanding despite reproductive rates being reduced there will be a lag time as population continues to grow due to the large proportion of population entering its reproductive years |
| wind power | indirect form of solar energy |
Created by:
cacmang
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