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Organelles
| Organelle | facts | more detail ....... |
|---|---|---|
| lysosomes | contain enzymes for intracellular digestion | |
| Nucleus | contains DNA organised in long strands called chromosomes.DNA contains the information which the cell needs to ensure it makes the right proteins. this information is copied onto RNA which can leave the nucleus and travel to a ribosome. | It is found in nearly all cells apart from red blood cells. it is surrounded by an envelope of 2 membranes. there are gaps in the envelope called nuclear pores.The chromosomes are not visable but when a cell is about to divide they beome more compact. |
| mitochondrion/ mitochondria | Aerobic respiration and production of ATP. ATP leaves the mitochondrion and can be used by other parts of the cell when energy is needed. | sausage shaped structure. surrounded by an envelope which allows chemical reactions to take place inside the mitochondria.The outer membrane is smooth.The inner one is folded to give a large surface area on which respiration can take place. |
| chloroplast | They trap enegy from sunlight, used to make water and co2 which react together to form glucose and oxygen. (photosynthesis) | found only in plant cells. surrounded by 2 membranes which isolates the reactions inside the chloroplast from the cytoplasm. There are stacks of membranes (gana) inside the chloroplast which contain chlorophyll. excess carbohydrates coverted to starch. |
| cell surface membrane | controls what enters and leaves the cell e.g. water and oxygencan difuse through it. Other substances can only pass through special transporter proteins in the cell surface membrane | |
| Golgi apparatus | 'package' the proteins brough in vesicles from the RER, into another set of vesicles called golgi vesicles. these are carried from the golgii apparatus to the cell surface membrane from where they can be secreated/ | Made of stacks of curved cisternae. constantly being made from vesicles from the RER,and broken down at the other end to form golgi vesicles. |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | variety of functions, e.g. some cells of the ovaries and testes make oestrogen and testosterome (steriod horomones). In liver cells, toxins are broken down on SER | There are NO riobosomes on it!!! |
| cell wall | lies outside the cell surface membrane in plant cells. it is strong and tough. It is fully permeable, because unlike the cell mebrane it does not control what passes through it. | made of carbohydrate cellulose.It forms long, strong fibrils, which are laid in layers. Also pectin which holds the cellulose fibrils in place. when a plant cell absorbs |
| Nucleolus | A non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids. Its function is to transcribe rRNA and assemble it within the nucleus. | |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | The outer surface is covered in ribosomes. proteins anre manufactured here e.g. antibodies | It is a network of membranes enclosing spaces called cistrnae. the manufactured protiens enter the cisternae, which break up to form small membrane boound sacks called vesicles. these more towards the golgi apparatus |
Created by:
Crazyclutz
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