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evolutionary genetic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is biological evolution? | the process by which organisms change over time or within space, yielding different forms |
| darwin | did not conceive evolution, declared mechanism of evolution to be natural selection |
| natural selection | variable survival of traits within a species or population |
| genes | evolutionary unit of change |
| species | products of diversification and genetic realities |
| inductive logic | inference of general law by specific instances |
| deductive logic | inferring specific instances from general law |
| Mendel | system of inheritance where specific traits are inherited. Neo Darwinian synthesis told us that it is these genes that evolution acted upon |
| Pre-Darwinian | Comte de Buffon, Lamarck, Erasmus Darwin |
| Neo-Lamarckism | idea that acquired traits are inherited. Example the tails of mice were cut off, but subsequent generations still had tails |
| Mutationism | Mutation is the prime driver of evolution, however dismisses adaptation. Morgan is known to be part of this |
| Orthogenesis | directional evolution, species evolving to a pre-selected point |
| The Neutral Theory | Kimura 1983, negative selection (constraint) and drift (chance) are the prime movers of evolution and that adaptations are so rare that it can not be a major factor in molecular level evolution |
| Neo-Darwinian Synthesis | Haldane, Wright, Fisher. Mixes genetics with evolution. Mutation is the source of variation |
| Population Genetics | Simpson, Huxley. How mutations and selection act at the level of populations to allow adaptation. Highly mathmatical |
| Modern Evolution | speciation occurs when populations are reproductively or genetically isolated and evolve towards becoming different pools of variation or differences in the environment |
| Microevolution | changes in gene frequency and the associated phenotypic trait distributions at the population level (intra-species evolution) |
| Macroevolution | "large" scale evolutionary change, usually in morphology, typically used to refer to the differences among populations (inter-species evolution) that would warrent their placement in higher-level taxa |
| Embryology | closely related species have remarkable similarities in development although adults may not look anything alike |
| Biogeography | the distribution of species suggests that animals adapted to one environment can invade and adapt to a new environment |
| Homologous Structures | closely related species often have structures which, while differing slightly, have similar forms. Example human hand and bat wing |
| Gradualism | Hutton. Processes that happen over a long period of time, like canyons are made from rivers cutting through them |
| Uniformitarianism | Lyell. Geological processes now are similar to how they used to be, requires vast amounts of time to explain the present state of the earth |
| definition of life | capture energy, convert energy, respond to environmental stimuli, have dna, the abilityto evolve, and be made up of 1 or more cells |
| survival | placement of your genes into the next generation |
| fittest | your ability to get your genes into the next generation |
| natality | more individuals are born into a generation than will reproduce or survive |
| variability | there is variation between individuals in any given population |
| survivorship | individuals with certain characters have a better chance of surviving and passing along their genes |
| heritability | at least some of the characteristics responsible for differential reproduction are genetically mediated |
| Stabilizing Selection | selecting against the extremes |
| Directional Selection | selecting against one extreme and the middle. |
| Disruptive Selection | selecting against the middle, will create 2 peaks in time and cause speciation |
| typology/morphology species concept | "species" are defined by things that look alike |
| biological species concept | species are actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated |
| phylogenic species concept | evolve from a common ancestor |
| geneological species concept | follows the flow of a gene through generations |
| ring species | species develop in a circle can only mate with the species that is directly previous or subsequent to it |
| prezygotic gene flow barriers | no contact, meet, court, mate |
| postzygotic gene flow barriers | fertilisation, viability, sterility |
| temporal isolation | "no contact" reproduction is not possible example something that mates in the fall vs something that mates in the spring |
| ethological isolation (behavior) | something that courts, but does not mate |
| mechanical isolation | reproduction is not physically possible due to physical structures |
| gametic imcompatibility | genetic transfer, but fertilization does not occur |
| Haldane's Rule | if only one sex of a hybrid offspring is sterile it is usually the heterogametic sex. Examples: males in mammals and insects and females in bird and lepidopterans |
| Taxonomy | naming of organisms, founded by Linnaeus, we now use systematics which is the naming and classification by evolutionary relationships |
| Systematics | based on idea of common ancestor |
| polypyletic | where the memebers have different recent common ancestors, makes little sense evolutionarily or taxonomically |
| homoplasy | independent evolution of a character might throw off a phenogram from the "true" evolutionary relationship, example: humans and octopi have complex compound eyes but they derived seperately |
| synapomorphy | shared derived character |
| autapomorphy | unique derived character |
| node | brach point representing the common ancestor |
| Terminal Taxa | the tip of the braches |
| The Modern Synthesis | merging of darwinism and mendel theory |
| population genetics | microevolution leads to macroevolution |
| Dawkins | supports gradualist model, selfish genes, adaptationist |
| Gould | supports punctuated equilibrium model, mass extinctions, diveristy vs disparity |
Created by:
ion.square77
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