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Micro lecture 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three lines of defense for immunology? | Barrier, Innate response, Adaptive response |
| Name some "barriers" | skin, mucous membranes, chemicals of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems |
| Name some "innate responses" | phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever |
| Name some "adaptive responses" | lymphocytes, antibodies |
| What time after infection does it switch from innate immunity to adaptive immunity? | after 12 hours, to over 7 days. |
| What is a barrier in the eye? | Tears have lysozyme |
| What is a barrier in the respiratory system? | Mucociliary escalator |
| What are barriers in the digestive system? | pH, enzymes, lysozyme, mucous |
| What are barriers in the urinary tract? | urine flow, cell type, lysozyme |
| What are barriers in the reproductive system? | pH, cell type, lysozyme |
| How does the epidermis act as a physical barrier? | The outer layer is shed, and the deeper cells are tightly packed. |
| How does the dermis act as a barrier? | It has a gel-like ground substance with hyaluronic acid, macrophages, and neutrophils. |
| What are chemical defenses of the skin? | It secretes sweat and sebum. |
| What does sweat contain? | Salt, which inhibits pathogen growth by drawing water out of their cells, and lysozymes, which destroys bacterial cell walls. |
| What does sebum do? | It keeps skin pliable and difficult to tear, and keeps the skin pH at a level inhospitable to most bacteria. |
| What is a Langerhans cell? | an immature dendritic cell |
| What are the two layers of mucous membranes? | Epithelium, the lamina propria. |
| What is the lamina propria? | Supportive connecting tissue under the epithelium where immune reactions occur. |
| A full mucous membrane consists of: | The top mucosa (epithelim + lamina propria) and the submucosa. |
| What is the mucociliary escalator? | Ciliated and goblet cells and mucous glands; cilia beat towards larynx and mouth. |
| What do Normal Microbiota do? | They compete with the potential pathogens for space and nutrients, secrete antimicrobial materials, and change pH. |
| What has a low pH? | gastric secretions, vaginal pH, and skin |
| What are some protein defenses? | Psoriasin - specifically inhibits colonization of skin by E. coli. Lysozyme - hydrolyzes the glycan of peptidoglycan between NAG-NAM disaccharides. Defensins - small, pore-forming peptides. Lactoferrin and transferrin - bind iron (ferrin - Fe - iron) |
| What parts of the body contain lysozymes? | Tears, sweat, saliva, gastrointestinal secretions, colostrum, mother's milk |
| What do defensins do? Where are they found? | They form a pore in the microbial cell membrane. They are active against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. They are found in the respiratory and GI tracts and neutrophils. |
| What do lactoferrin and transferrin do? | They compete with the bacterial cells for iron. |
| What is an innate immunity? | A rapid response to control or eliminate infections... innate to the body. |
| What are two types of innate immunity? | cellular defenses, soluble components |
| What are some innate cellular defenses? | monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells (NK Cells), mast cells, granulocytes |
| What are some innate soluble components? | Complements, acute phase proteins, some cytokines |
| Hematopoeisis | Blood-making |
| Leukocyte | white blood cell |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell |
| lymphocyte | cell of the lymphoid lineage (lymphatic system - part of circulatory system, carries clear "lymph" liquid) |
| myeloid cell | cell of the myeloid lineage (any blood cell not a lymphocyte) |
| granulocyte | cell with granules |
| agranulocyte | cell without granules |
| Innate response cells | NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Phagocyte | leukocyte that ingests bacteria |
| Neutrophil | Most abundant leukocyte, "front-liners," short lived, granulocytes |
| Monocyte/macrophages | Monocytes go into bloodstream and then turn into macrophages when they hit tissue. Important in initiating an adaptive immune response. |
| PAMP | Pathogen associated molecular patterns - structural motifs necessary for microbe survival not found in host... "targets" for antimicrobials |
| Name some PAMPs | LPS, peptidoglycan, double stranded viral RNA |
| How does the innate immune system see PAMPs? | By using Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), both cell-associated and soluble. |
| Name a cell-associated and a soluble PRR. | Toll-like receptor (TLR), cytokine |
| TLRs are... | transmembrane receptors expressed on many types of cells, and are initiated by ligands (PAMPs). There are 11 kinds in humans. |
| TLRs are expressed where? | Both on the cell surface and the intracellular membranes where they will encounter PAMPs |
| Cytokines are... | small, secreted proteins, produced mainly by T-helper cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, and bind to receptors on target cells. There are hundreds of different kinds. |
| What are ROS and RNS? | ROS - reactive oxygen species RNS - reactive nitrogen species produced during phagocytosis; they are toxic to the ingested microbe. |
| Phagocytosis produces bleach how? | Myeloperoxidase creates HClO- (bleach) from Cl and H2O2. |
| Opsonization | Process that makes an invading microbe more susceptible to phagocytosis |
| Opsonins | molecules that bind to the microbe and facilitate interactions with the phagocyte |
| Name 2 important Opsonins | antibodies and components of the complement pathway |
| Name 2 cell surface receptors of phagocytes | Neutrophils, Macrophages |
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