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Biogeography

Ecology Exam 3

QuestionAnswer
Biogeography study of the spatial distribution of plants and animals, both past and present
In 19th century what did plant geographers see? correlation between climate and vegetation
Formations geographers divided the world into zones
De Candolle say the result of formations was? plant formation boundaries are a result of CLIMATE- temp and available water
Merriam's Life Zones There are patterns of veg zones that occur along elevational gradients. Change in plant comm as move up N. North plants: determ by the avg. tempt in growing season. South plants: determ by the hottest tempt in the summer
F.E Clement and V.E. Shelford Proposed combining both animal and plant distributions into a single classification system> Biomes.
Biomes are a function of what 2 factors? annual precipitation and annual temperature
Climate Graph monthly avg. precip and monthly avg. tempt. Can use to find the climate in an area and to see the climate of an exotic species vs. where want to move it to- see if can live there.
As move from hi latitudes to low Species richness increases as go from cold/dry to hot/moist-- more dramatic changes in bird species
Conversion Evolution plants and animals similar in function and structure but different Taxonomic groups--- this is what Biomes are based on.
Ex.'s of Conversion Evolution Sugar Glider vs. Flying Squirrel, Hummingbird vs. Sphinx Moth, Dolphin vs. Ichthyosaur vs. Shark
How Biogeographical Realms defined? based on the different taxonomic characteristics in plants and animals in different areas- form of grouping
Alfred Wallace Proposed 6 Realms- each realm have a different Taxonomy- a contemporary from Charles Darwin- different than Biomes
Six Realms Nearctic, Neotropical, Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian
Some biologists consider only 5 realms- why? thought the Nearctic and Palearctic very similar so wanted to join them= Holarctic
Why Realms so different? Explain. Due to the Last Ice Age (Pleistocene)- pushing species southward
In Ice Age- what happened in Eurasia with invading species? as the species pushed southward they were trapped by mountainranges- so a lot of species weren't extinct- became less diverse
What happened in N.A with invading species? When ice sheets came down, the species retreated southward b/c mountainranges didn't trap them- diversity remained fairly high
Marsupials in Neotropical migrated from N.A down to Antarctica, then moved to Australia- which broke away the continental drift and moved North, Placentals (us) only got to Antarctic not Australia- why Aust only Marsupials
Nearctic (N.A. and Canada) Greater biodiversity than the Palearctic realm, has many reptiles, rich in endemic vertebrate species, boreal section shares species with the Palearctic, families in the lower half are related to those in the Neotropic
Endemic Species? found no where else
Palearctic (Eurasia) similar to Nearctic but diff- (ice age and diff mount), Palearctic is low in vertebrate diversity and has few endemic species, few reptiles- related to old world tropics (African and Oriental), a complex of old world tropics & new world temperate families
Holarctic is a mix of which 2 realms? Nearctic and Palearctic
Neotropical (S.A) very rich in species and endemics, of 32 mammal fam- 16 are represented, 5 fam. of bats are endemic (includes vampires), 1/2 of mammals are from the Nearctic, 2 migrated N: oppossum & porcupine, Marsupials
Ethiopian (Africa) very diverse in habitats, richest vertebrate fauna (Ungulates), during Miocene and Pliocene- there was a land route- allowed mix of vertebrates- helped Africa get a rich div. in species, 2nd to Neotropical in endemics
Created by: Jahazania
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