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Earth and Abiotic
for exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hierarchial Levels of Study in Ecology | Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biomes, Biosphere |
| Individual | lowest level- look at physiology, how individuals react to heat pressure |
| Population | loosely defined as groups of individuals of same species within a community, deal with growth, death, birth rates |
| Community | have groups of pop together in one area that interact, mutualism come into place |
| Ecosystem | deals with the community and the abiotic factors in the roles of soil, precipitation, tempt, wind current |
| Biomes | unit that are made up of similar ecosystem around the world. |
| Example of Biome | Glassland, in S and N America, the species will be different but the structure and function the same, dominated by grass, same # of herbivores- taxa is different- in the center of the continent |
| Name the Biomes | Arctic Tundra, Antarctic, Northern Boreal Forest, Northwest Temperate Rainforest, Grasslands, Temperate Deciduous Forest, Southeastern Evergreen Forest, Deserts, Tropical Rainforest |
| Biosphere | goes around the world |
| Global Patterns | 24 thousand miles approx in circumference, rotates on it's axis every 24 hrs, titled 23 1/2 deg, orbits around the sun every 365 day= all activity affects the diff types of Biomes and where they're located on earth |
| Describe Adiabatic Lapse Rate | have most incoming energy from sun, a lot of moisture, so when heats up, moisture rises, and as it rises get cooler and cooler as goes up in latitude |
| Describe formation of Precipitation | The cold air can't hold as much water as warm air, so when the warm-moist air raises and cools, the gaseous water condenses and rain occurs |
| Why is the Tropical Rain Forest close to Equator? | because everyday at the equator have rain |
| Describe movement of air, explaining Deserts? | the air has walked it's moisture- precipitation. What moisture it has, has not released b/c it's cold when goes up in latitude, and when it comes back down at 30 deg the air warms up--> Deserts! |
| Since air can't penetrate in Earth, what does it do? | spreads out North and South |
| Describe Tropical Doldrum | at the equator have a constant low pressure sys with NO LATERAL WINDS, because the air is rising and the air replacing that rising air comes in from the sides and then goes up. Ex. stuck sealing ships |
| Describe Horse Latitude | Where the air comes into the Earth (above and below equator) there's a constant HIGH PRESSURE and also does NOT have lateral air- occurs 30 deg latitude |
| Describe Polar High | The air sometimes will travel all the way to the poles and create high pressure systems at the poles and drift south |
| The air rises from the equator but when it can't continue to go up what does it do? | it curls over and comes back down to Earth- 30 deg latitude N and S |
| Coriolis Force | Force that is caused by the rotation of the Earth- causes the wind and ocean patterns to curl and go in certain directions |
| Air current in Northern Hemisphere? | moves in a clockwise manner |
| Air current in Southern Hemisphere? | moves in a counter-clockwise manner |
| Trade Winds | (range: 0-30 deg latitude), easternly winds, comes from East to West, occur around 15 degrees latitude |
| Westerlies | North hemisphere above 40 deg latitude- strong air current that go from West to East |
| Roaring 40's | Southern Hemisphere- really powerful- 250m/h |
| Why wind in S Hemisphere much stronger than N hemisphere? | because S has less land mass- very little to stop air flow |
| How are Biomes affected? | by the rotation of the earth and movement of the air- cause precipitation |
| Order of Biomes from Equator to Arctic Tundra | Rainforest-Deserts-Deciduous forest-Northern Boreal forest-Arctic Tundra |
| Explain how hemisphere's have Winter while another has Summer? Sun positioning | Winter: when earth is tilted AWAY from the sun because sun rays hit the hemisphere at an oblique angle- have less intense radiation coming in-cooler. Summer: sun hitting DIRECTLY on |
| Autumnal and Spring Equinox | (after winter) sun hitting directly at equator- there's a point that occurs in both equinox that have exactly 12 hrs of light and 12 hrs of darkness--> when equator at a right angle to the sun's rays |
| Goldilocks Orbit | Earth= perfect orbit where doesn't get too hot or too cold- "just right" |
| Earth facts! | Age 4.5 to 5.2 billion yrs, is in a galaxy milky way , racing towards the star Vega, every 100,000 yrs the orbit elongates, first life 3.5 billion yrs, first multicell life (~600 mil yrs), First flowering plant (~150 mil yrs) |
| Importance of Flowering plants | allowed humans to create civilization and agriculture: rice, corn, wheat, white potato |
| continue Earth Facts: | Dinosaurs 60-270 mil yrs, First humans 150,000-200,000 yrs, Last Ice Age 25,000 yrs, Agriculture 12,000 to 9,000 yrs |
| What affects have human on earth done? | Increased the amt. of CO2, Global Warming- lethal things that can make humans go extinct! |
| Global Warming? | Energy radiation trapped in atmosphere |
| Short wavelength | sun gives off energy (5800 deg C) |
| Long Wavelength | Earth's warmth (15 deg C) |
| Process of Wavelengths? | Short wavelength comes into our atmosphere makes it to the Earth surface and warms it and re-radiates it as Long Wavelength |
| What would happen if didn't have the rotation of the Earth? | (air pattern) would be rising to the poles and sliding back down to the equator |
| Gyres | major ocean currents of the Earth, controlled by the rotations of the Earth |
| Tropic of Capricorn | When Earth tilted away from the sun- tilted so the sun hits directly at 23 1/2 deg |
| Tropic of Cancer | Tilted towards the sun |
| What mean by The Tropics? | Between both Topic Cancer and Capricorn |
| Summer solstice | when leaning directly towards the sun at 23 1/2 deg |
| Winter Solstice | tilted away from the sun |
| Inter Tropical Convergeance Zone | When the earth does tilt, the rain in equator shifts N in summer time and S in winter time- causes Seasonal rain in Tropics- what causes rainfall to occur in Savannas |
| Mountain Ranges | cause air to rise and rain- rain shadow |
| Rain shadow | place behind a mountain that doesn't get any rain (ex. great basin desert) |
| Monsunal Rains | Rainfall shifts N 15-20 deg during the summer solstice, and shifts S during the winter, During autumn and spring- rainfall is on equator |
| Coastal Redwoods | ancient group, Depends on fog, 367ft- tallest redwood |
| Giant Redwoods | located inland, largest tree in the world |
| Bristlecone pines | Inyo National forest in California, over 4000 yrs old. |
| Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) | includes visible light WL of 400-700nm, leaves absorb red and blue light- reflect green light, as light enters an ecosystem, it decreases as it penetrates the leaves |
| Leaf Area Index (LAI) (ex's) | a measure of the filtering capacity of the leaves- area of leaf/unit of soil. LAI's range from pine forest (2-4) to temperate forest (3-5) to tropical (6-10) |
| Circadian rhythms | (at dawn and dusk)- Internal timing of organisms |
| Photoperiods | (Spring and fall activities)- Relative period of lightness and darkness, ratio of darkness/light |
| Properties of Water | Specific heat- 1 cal to raise 1 deg C, Latent heat (evapor/freezing) one state to another, Density- most dense at 4 deg C, Cohesion (surface tension)- polar molecule, Viscosity (resistance to movement)- 100x more viscous than air, Buoyancy- no supp. tissu |
| Most Rain and Least Rain? | 400 in most/ 0 in least |
| 3 types of Fire | Surface, Ground, Crown |
| Surface Fire | most common in grasslands- beneficial, release new energy/minerals, grasslands dependent on fires |
| Ground Fire | slow moving, smoldering fire |
| Crown Fire | Most destructive fire |
Created by:
Jahazania
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