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Principles of Bio

Bio flashcards

QuestionAnswer
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual (inherited traits, not always visible).
Phenotype refers to the observable physical and physiological characteristics of an individual (how you look).
Genetics the scientific study of heredity.
Heredity transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
What did Gregor Mendel do? performed experiments using pea plants to figure out how traits are passed on.
What did Mendel discover about alleles? they are alternative versions of genes. each inherited characteristic is from two inherited alleles: one from each parent. dominant and recessive alleles.
Homozygous both alleles are the same.
Heterozygous each allele is different.
Dominant allele the one that determines the organism's appearance.
Recessive allele has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance unless homozygous.
Law of Segregation a sperm and an egg each carry one allele for a trait. when sperm and egg unite, each contributes its allele to form a pair of alleles.
What are punnett squares used for? used to determine the chance of offspring having a potential trait from its parents.
Recessive disorders more common and more lethal. can be transmitted through a heterozygous carrier who doesn't actually have the disorder. ex: cystic fibrosis: excessive mucus secretion in the lungs, average survival age is 37 years of age.
Dominant disorders less common and less lethal. ex: anchondroplasia: form of dwarfism, all individuals who have it are heterozygous.
Multiple alleles each individual carries 2 alleles but has more than 2 allele options. ex: blood types, ABO
Incomplete dominance when the dominant allele does not completely take over the recessive allele in heterozygous individuals.
Sex linked diseases when a disorder occurs on the sex chromosomes. most are located on the x gene, which means most people with x-linked genetic diseases are men (XY so they only have to carry it on one chromosome as opposed to carrying it on two Xs) ex: colorblindedness
Why do cells divide? to replace damaged or lost cells, to cause growth and to reproduce.
Asexual reproduction reproduction that does not require fertilization. results in genetically identical offspring.
Sexual reproduction reproduction that requires fertilization. results in genetically varied offspring.
Eukaryotic chromosomes they contain thousands of genes (located in the nucleus). they are made up of chromatin.
Chromatin their fibers are composed of DNA and proteins. they are usually loose and free in the nucleus but coiled up into compact chromosomes when it is time to divide.
Interphase 90% of the cell cycle. cell is performing normal functions and preparing to divide. DNA has duplicated, chromosomes are still loose as chromatin.
Cell cycle cycle that occurs in every cell in the body.
Mitosis actual division of a cell. the process by which cells other than gametes divide.
Cancer excessive division of cells and resulting invasion on other tissues by the cells. this is caused by a fault in the cell cycle control system.
IPMAT acronym that stands for Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/cytokinesis.
Prophase chromatin fibers coil -> form chromosomes centromeres form microtubules which move away from each other. nuclear envelope breaks. microtubules attach to centromeres of chromosomes and move toward cell's center.
Metaphase microtubules line up chromosomes at center of cell.
Anaphase microtubules shorten and pull chromosomes apart, separating the sister chromatids. cell becomes elongated.
Telophase (reverse of prophase) nuclear envelopes form. chromosomes uncoil. microtubules disappear.
Cytokinesis cleavage furrow develops between cells that pinches them into two cells.
Created by: codyshep
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