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Bio I Ch 6
Energy and Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| energy | capacity to do work |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| heat energy measured in | kilocalories |
| 1 cal is equal to.. | amt of heat req'd to raise temp of water by 1 deg C |
| 1 kilocalorie = ___ cal | 1000 |
| law that states energy cannot be created/destroyed | First Law of Thermodynamics |
| law that states energy can only be converted from 1 form to another | First Law of Thermodynamics |
| law that states disorder is more likely than order | 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
| disorder in the universe | entropy |
| all energy contained in molecule's chemical bonds | enthalpy |
| energy avail to do work, reduce disorder | free energy |
| free energy is denoted by symbol.. | G (Gibb's free energy) |
| formula: free energy = | enthalpy - (entropy x temp) formula G=H-TS |
| G is positive. | When products of chemical reactions contain more free energy than reactants |
| G is negative. | When reactants contain more free energy than products |
| endergonic reaction | a reaction requiring an input of energy •G is positive |
| exergonic reaction | a reaction that releases free energy • G is negative |
| extra energy needed to get reaction started | activation energy |
| destabilizes existing chemical bonds -required even for exergonic reactions | activation energy |
| substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction (enzymes) | catalysts |
| loss of electrons | oxidation |
| gain of electrons | reduction |
| chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons | oxidation |
| molecule loosing the electron is | oxidized |
| chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy | reduction |
| molecule that accepts electrons is | reduced |
| If an atom or molecule is reduced, another atom or molecule must have been _____ | oxidized |
| If an atom or molecule is oxidized, another atom or molecule must have been _____ | reduced |
| Oxidation and Reduction reactions always occur.. | in pairs (Redox Reactions) |
| molecule that cells use to store, transfer, and provide energy | ATP Adenosine TriphosPhate |
| used to fuel anabolic reactions (growth, repair, reproduction) | energy from ATP |
| Adenosine (same molecule from DNA and RNA) + –Three inorganic phosphates (functional group PO4) | makeup of ATP |
| the energy “currency” of cells | ATP |
| ATP structure | - ribose, a 5-carbon sugar - adenine - three phosphates |
| ATP - 1 PO4 = | ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) |
| ADP - 1 PO4 = | AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate) |
| ADP + 1 PO4 = | ATP |
| anabolic rxns, dehydration synthesis | endergonic |
| catabolism, hydrolysis | exergonic |
| 3 rules to be an enzyme | 1. most are proteins (some RNA enzymes) 2.Lower the energy of activation required for rxn to occur 3. Are not changed or consumed by rxn |
| formula for breaking bond btw phosphates | ATP->ADP+Pi |
| Pi stands for | inorganic phosphate |
| formula for bond btw phosphates being formed | ADP+Pi->ATP |
| Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation | process of adding or removing phosphate groups, can activate or deactivate enzymes |
| substrate | molecule that will undergo a rxn |
| active site | region of enzyme that binds to substrate |
| allosteric site | region of enzyme that binds substances other than substrate |
| lock and key hypothesis | substrate fits into the active site like a key fits into a lock |
| induced fit hypothesis | Substrate binding causes the enzyme to change shape, producing a better induced fit between the molecules |
| enzymes lower the ____ of biochem rxns | activation energy |
| series of sequential chem rxns regulated by enzymes | biochemical pathways |
| series of chem rxns carried out by separate enzymes | metabolic pathways |
| chem rxn that REQUIRES energy | endergonic |
| chem rxn that RELEASES energy | exergonic |
| 3 ways metabolism is regulated | 1. Enzymatic competition ("hungry hungry hippos") 2. Gene regulation 3. Enzyme inhibition |
| molecules that attach to enzymes and make them unable to bind to substrate | inhibitors |
| 3 types of inhibition | Negative Feedback inhibition, Competitive inhibition, Noncompetitive inhibition |
| compete with the substrate for binding to the same active site | COMPETITIVE inhibitors |
| bind to sites other than the enzyme's active site | NONCOMPETITIVE inhibitor |
| molecules that bind to an enzyme to decrease enzyme activity | inhibitors |
| closely resemble the substrate. –they bind to the active site of the enzyme and block the substrate from binding | competitive inhibitors |
| bind to the allosteric site to inactivate the enzyme | allosteric inhibitors |
| bind to the allosteric site to activate the enzyme | allosteric activators |
| metab of cells is carried and out and controlled by | enzymes |
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy | Cellular resp |
| metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and extracts the energy to produce energy (ATP) | cellular resp |
Created by:
ginaadkison
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