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Chap 4 SG FHS
Chapter 4 Study Guide FHS H Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All organisms are made of one or more cells All cells carry on life activities New cells arise only from other living cells by the process of cell division | cell theory |
| co-founder of cell theory focused on plants | matthias schleiden |
| discovered pepsin, organic nature of yeast, invented the term metabolism, 'all living things are composed of cells' | theodor schwann |
| father of modern pathology, 'origin of cells is the division of cells', cells are the basic unit of measure to study disease | rudolf virchow |
| dna, plasma membrane, cytoplasm | three common features of all cells |
| separates the cell from the surrounding environment, functions as a selective barrier | plasma membrane |
| area inside the plasma membrane including a fluid portion and the organelles and other particulates suspended in it | cytoplasm |
| the fluid portion of a cytoplasm | cytosol |
| what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes | prokaryotes do not have a cell nucleus or any membrane-encase organelles, and are single cell, 10x smaller than eukaryotes - eukaryotes are everything except bacteria |
| volume increase _______________ than surface area | much quicker |
| what limits cell size? | sav ratio - more volume give less surface area to exchange nutrients and wastes |
| what is the importance of cellular organization? | each cell as a purpose. without organization it cannot fulfill that purpose. |
| what makes animal cells different from plant cells? | animal cells have no cell wall, round or irregular shape, one or more small vacuoles, present in all animal cells, no chloroplasts, no plastids, lysosomes, cilia |
| what makes plant cells different from animal cells? | plant cells have a cell wall AND a membrane, rectangular in shape (fixed), one large central vacuole, centrioles are only present in lower plant forms, chloroplasts because they make their own food, plastids, generally no lysosomes, very rare cilia |
| compare chromatin and chromosomes | chromatin is unfolded, uncondensed, extended DNA, chromosomes are condensed DNA. Chromosomes are condensed chromatin |
| what are the two types of chromosomes? | autosomes and sex |
| why is it important to have autosomes and sex chromosomes | they carry different information - sex chromosomes are gender specific - autosomes carry all the other information |
| human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes - what is the ratio of autosomes to sex chromosomes | 22 pairs of autosomes - 1 pair of sex chromosomes |
| where is DNA located? | in the cell nucleus of eukaryotes, and in the nucleoid of the prokaryotes |
| why is DNA important | it carries the instructions - blueprint for life |
| compare the structure of chloroplasts and mitochondria | chloroplasts contain thylakoid membranes, chloroplast membranes contain pigment molecules, internal membranes of mitochondria contain respiratory enzymes |
| compare the function of chloroplasts and mitochondria | chloroplasts build glucose in order to store energy for the cell - it uses carbon dioxide and water and releases oxygen - photosynthesis; mitochondria breaks down glucose, uses glucose and oxygen and release CO2 and water during cell respiration |
| idea that internal membrane bound organelles were endosymbionts that lived mutualistically within their host | endosymbiotic theory |
| idea that mitochondria were probably oxygen-consuming bacteria that supplied their host with energy | endosymbiotic theory |
| idea that chloroplasts may have been cyanobacteria that provided their hosts with food | endosymbiotic theory |
| device with a motor that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis - works using sedimentation principal - causes denser substances to separate | centrifuge |
| what is the chief purpose of a centrifuge in a lab | isolating suspensions |
| describe the fluid mosaic model | plasma membrane is a fluid, it has water loving and water hating parts, it can fold to expose water loving parts while hiding the water hating parts. This serves to filter good components from bad from entering the cell |
| heads out and tails tucked in would represent: | phospholipid bilayer - hydrophilic head group, hydrophobic fatty acids (tails) |
| what happens to an egg cell in a hypotonic solution? | cell expands - hypo means less concentration of solutes and more water, which flows to the cell |
| what happens to an egg cell in a hypertonic solution? | cell shrinks - hyper means more concentration of solutes and less water, which flows out of the cell |
| what happens to an egg cell in an isotonic solution? | nothing |
| how are plasmolysis and turgor pressure related? | when a cell is plasmolyzed (water pulled out) it reduces the osmotic pressure - there is no longer any turgor pressure - the cell collapses |
| compare active and passive transport | passive - diffusion or osmosis - change by pressure; active - requires energy, against the flow, endocytosis, exocytosis |
| diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are examples of: | passive transport |
| what is a concentration gradient and how does it affect direction of diffusion | typically diffusion moves from high concentration to low (exergonic process) unless energy is exerted (endergonic process) |
| what are the similarities of plasmodesmata and gap junctions and where are they found? | microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls enabling transport and communication. plasmodesmata -> plants, gap junctions -> animal |
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