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RHS Chapter 2 Vocab
chapter 2 vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| element | a substance that can not be broken down by chemical means |
| trace element | A chemical element present only in minute amounts in a particular sample or environment. |
| compound | a substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio |
| atom | the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
| proton | A stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron. |
| electron | A stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity |
| neutron | A subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge |
| nucleus | The central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth. |
| atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table. |
| mass number | The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. |
| atomic mass | The mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom |
| isotopes | Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element |
| radioactive isotopes | an isotope who's nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy |
| electron shells | an energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom |
| chemical bonds | an attraction btw two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells |
| ion | an atom that had gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond resulting from the attraction btw oppositely charged ions |
| salt | a compound resulting from the formation of ionic bonds; also called and ionic compound |
| covalent bond | an attraction btw atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons; symbolized by a single line btw the atoms |
| molecule | a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| double bond | a type of covalent bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons; symbolized by a pair of lines btw the bonded atoms |
| electronegativity | the attraction of a given atom for the electrons for a covalent bond |
| nonpolar covalent bond | a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally btw 2 atoms of similar electronegativity |
| polar covalent bond | a covalent bond btw atoms that differ in electronegativity. the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other slightly positive |
| polar molecule | a molecule containing polar covalent bonds |
| hydrogen bond | a type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond in another molecule |
| cohesion | the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds |
| adhesion | the attraction btw different kinds of molecules |
| surface tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. water has a high surface tension bc of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules |
| heat | thermal energy, the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter. heat is energy in its most random form |
| temperature | a measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy or speed of molecules |
| solution | a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, consisting of a dissolving agent, called the solvent, and a substance that is dissolved, called the solute |
| solvent | the dissolving agent of a solution. water is the most versatile solvent known |
| solute | a substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| aqueous solution | a solution in which water is the solvent |
| acid | a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution |
| base | a substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution |
| pH scale | a measure of the relative acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 to 14. the letter pH stand for potential hydrogen and refer to the concentration of hydrogen ions |
| buffers | a chemical substance that resists changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating hydrogen ions to solutions |
| acid rain | rain, snow, or fog with a pH below 5.6 |
| chemical reaction | the making an breaking of chemical bonds , leading to changes in the composition of matter |
| reactants | a starting material in a chemical reaction |
| products | an ending material in a chemical reaction |
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