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Patho Ch1
Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate (molecule used for energy in the cell) |
| What is Catabolism (Think of Cat eating a mouse | Energy releasing process |
| What happens in PHASE 1 of CATABOLISM | Extracellular digestion of large molecules |
| What happens in PHASE 2 of CATABOLISM | Intracelular breakdown of subunits to acetyl CoA |
| What happens in PHASE 3 of CATABOLISM | Production of NADH, yields ATP via electron transport, waste products urea secreted. |
| Mitochondria | Organelle where most of the cells energry molecules are synthesized (synthesis of ATP) POWER HOUSE OF CELL |
| Contact dependent signaling | Cells are in close membrane contact |
| Paracrine signaling | Cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up or immobilized |
| Autocrine signaling | Cells produce signals they alone respond to. "cancer cells use this to stimulate their survival |
| Hormonal signaling | Endocrine cell secretes hormones that travel through the blood stream |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse |
| Two main defects that cause chromosome disorders | 1. Wrong number of chromosomes 2. Abnormalities in chromosome structure |
| Polyploid | WRONG NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES, in multiples of 23. HAS MORE than the diploid number of chromosomes. Fetus won't survive |
| How does genetic Info flow from DNA to proteins | DNA passes on coded info via replication, then it's transcribed into mRNA, then translated into proteins, carried to ribosomes, translated to specific amino acid sequence. |
| What is Aneuploidy | DOES NOT CONTAIN MULTIPLE OF 23 CHROMOSOMES. 1 extra or 1 missing. (Turners Syndrome 1X) Kleinfelters Syndrome (XXY) |
| What causes Aneuploidy | Abnormal number of chromosomes,one extra or one missing |
| Syndromes caused by Aneuploidy | Turners Syndrome (45X) short, usually sterile, webbing of the neck. Klinefelters Syndrome (47XY) Moderate mental impairment,sterile, long limbs, sparse body hair. |
| What three ways are single gene disorders transmitted | 1. Affected person has infected parent 2. Affected person mating with normal person have affected and unaffected offspring in equal proportion 3.Males and females are equally affected |
| What is Autosomal Gene Disorder | You only need to get the abnormal gene from one parent to inherit the disease. Both sexes have trait, no generations skipped, transmit to half of their offsping |
| Examples of autosomal gene disorders | Huntington's Disease and Neurofibromytosis-1 |
| What is Hyperplasia? | Increase in number of cells increased cell division response to injury, cell death. Normal Hyperplasia, organs regenerate |
| What is pathologic hyperplasia | abnormal proliferation of cells. response to excessive growth factors or hormones |
| What happens in Hyperplasia of the endometrium? | excessive menstrual bleeding, failure of growth, inhibition controls |
| What is Metaplasia? | reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, stem cells reprogrammed |
| What is Hypertrophy? | increase in size of cells and organs, increase in number of proteins. caused by hormone stimulation, increased function and demand and skeletal muscles responding to heavy work |
| What is physiologic Hypertrophy? | growth of breasts and uterus in pregnancy |
| What is pathologic Hypertrophy? | growth of heart due to hypertension and problem valves |
| What is Atrophy? | disease or shrinkage in cell size |
| What is physiological atrophy? | occurs with early development, thymus gland in childhood |
| What is Pathologic Atrophy? | reductions in workload use, nutrition, blood supply hormones |
| What is disuse Atrophy? | prolonged bed rest |
| What is atypical hyperplasia? | abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells. often reversible |
| What is active transport? | requires life, movement of molecules across the membrane, requires energy to be released by the cell in the form of ATP |
| What is hypoxic injury? | lack of sufficient oxygen, most common cause of cell injury |
| What is injury by free radicals? | unpaired electron, causes damage to mitochondria, destroys polyunsaturated lipids |
| What is oxidative stress? | injury caused by reactive oxygen species, in excess they overcome the cells anti-oxidative system |
| What is chemical injury? | toxic chemicals, xenobiotics, toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals sometimes in food - they enter the cell, damage macromolecules - Lead paint, Tylenol CC l4 (dry-cleaning ) |
| Coagulative Necrosis | occurs mainly in the kidneys, heart and adrenal glands, resulting from Hypoxia - caused by ischemia (insufficient supply of blood to an organ) |
| Liquefactive Necrosis | Ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain. cells are digested by their own enzymes, the tissue liquifies and is walled off in a cyst - can be caused by a bacterial infection |
| Caseous Necrosis | from Tuberculosis Pulmonary infection, combination of coagulative and liquefactive Necrosis - debris not complete digested, tissues look like clumped cheese |
| Fat Necrosis | cellular dissolution caused by lypases - the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids |
| Apoptosis | the active process of cellular self-destruction, it requires energy. Programmed cell death, embryonic development through old age |
| Necrosis | cell death caused by injury or trauma, cellular dissolution follows self-digestion |
| Autolysis | cells die before visible signs of Necrosis appear |
| Karyolysis | nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis - caused by hydrolytic lysosomal enzymes |
| Free Radical | highly reactive and destructive particle, unpaired electron produced from an atom or molecule - they are toxic |
| Why are Free Radicals dangerous? | they are erratic, the damage DNA, affect functioning of the cell, damage mitochondria, excellerate aging and cause mutation which lead to cancer |
| How does a Free Radical stabilize? | it gives up an electron, or steals one, to stabilize itself |
| What is Edema? | excessive accumulation of fluid but it's within the interstitial spaces |
| Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure | causes Edema due to venous obstruction, salt and water retention, leads to heart failure |
| Decreased capillary oncotic pressure | decreased production of plasma proteins, cirrhosis and malnutrition |
| Increased Capillary Membrane Permeability | burns, allergic reactions, fluid moves into tissue |
| Lymphatic channel obstructions | decreased absorption of interstitial fluid, increased pressure and tissue |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | increase in pH caused by alveolar hyperventilation and reduces Co2 levels |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | pH of tissue is elevated beyond normal range |
| Metabolic Acidosis | body produces too much acid, kidneys are not removing enough acid |
| Respiratory Acidosis | decreased ventillation, increased blood Co2, decreased pH |
| Isotonic Alteration | normal concentration of Sodium in the ECF, no change in fluid in or out of the cell |
| Hypotonic Alterations | decrease in ECF Sodium concentration, swelling, potential bursting of cell |
| Hypertonic Alteration | increase in ECF Sodium concentration, shrinkage of RBC's |
| What happens to a cell when placed in a Hypotonic solution? | it will swell, water will flow in, MORE SOLUTES IN CELL THAN IN SOLUTION |
| What will happen to a cell in a Hypertonic solution? | it will shrink, water flows out MORE SOLUTE OUTSIDE THAN INSIDE |
| What will happen to a cell in an Isotonic solution? | Nothing - same concentration inside and outside of cell |
| Diffusion | Solution moves from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, down the concentration gradient, no ATP is required |
| What is Osmosis? | diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. form of active transport, water moves from areas of lower concentration to higher concentration. main way water is transported |
| How is water balance regulated? | regulated by kidneys, they produce Urine depending upon the amount of water you drink. ADH IS SECRETED. IF YOU DRINK A LOT OF WATER, ONLY A LITTLE ADH IS PRODUCED AND LESS WATER IS ABSORBED BY THE KIDNEYS |
| physical indications that cause ADH to be secreted | Urination, sweating, dehydration and vomiting |
| What else regulates water balance? | Aldosterone - it retains water and salt while releasing Potassium |
| Receptor involved in the signaling that results in ADH secretion | Osmoreceptors located in Hypothalamus cause thirst |
| What affect does ADH have on the renal tubular cells? | If ADH is present, water is reabsorbed, inhibiting Diuresis. If ADH isn't present, water in the renal infiltrate enters the Urine causing Diuresis |
| Passive Transport | No energy required, No life required, The process occurs naturally. It's driven by Osmosis, Hydrostatic pressure and diffusion |
| Endocytosis | Membrane enfolds around substance, moves it inside cell |
| Pinocytosis | ingestion of fluid, cell drinking |
| Phagocytosis | ingestion of large particles, cell eating |
| Exocytosis | release molecule into extracellular Matrix, direct contents out of cell |
| Cell Cycle | parent cell divides, forms two identical daughter cells, reproduction of body cells |
| Interphase | Cell prepares for division Gap 1 - growth period before DNA synthesis S - DNA synthesis Gap 2 - growth RNA and Protein Synthesis |
| M Phase | Mitosis- nuclear division of cells and chromosomes Cytokinesis- Division of cytoplasm |
| Prophase | Chromosomes appear as chromatids attached to spindle at the centrimere |
| Spindle Fibers | Microtubules radiate from the two centrioles |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell |
| Metaphase Plate | Equatorial plate |
| Anaphase | Centrimere's split, sister chromatids pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | Spindle Fibers disappear nuclear membrane forms |
| Cytokenesis | Two cells form, result in two identical daughter cells. |
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