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BiO cHAPter test
Chapters 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an Element? | A substance that cannot be broken down to tother substances by chemical reactions. |
| What is a Compound? | A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. |
| What are essential elements? | Elements that an organisms needs to live a healthy life and reproduce. Humans need 25 elements. Plants only need 17. |
| What are the four essential elements? What percent of living matter do they make up? | Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Carbon. They make up 96% |
| What are some examples of Trace Elements? | Boron, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iodine, and Iron. |
| Name the three sub atomic particles. | Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons. |
| What sub atomic particles make up the nucleus of an atom? | Protons and Neutrons. |
| Describe an electron, proton, and neutron. | An electron is a negatively charged particle that sits in an electron cloud around the nucleus. A proton is a positively charged particle that = the atomic number in an element and makes up part of the nucleus. A neutron is a neutrally charged particle. |
| What makes up the mass number of an atom? | The sum of the neutrons and protons in an atom. |
| How do you find how many Neutrons are in an atom? | Subtract the atomic number (which is on top) from the mass number (which is on the bottom). |
| How to find how many Daltons in an atom? | Same number of daltons as the atomic mass. |
| What are Isotopes? | An atom that has more neutrons in its nucleus. This makes it have a greater atomic mass. |
| What is a radioactive isotope? | A radioactive isotope is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy. |
| Define Energy | The capacity to cause change. |
| Define Potential Energy | The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. |
| List how many electrons can be held in each electron shell. | 1st.) 2 2nd.) 8 3rd.) 8 |
| What are Valence electrons? | The electrons in the outermost energy shell called the valence shell. |
| What is a chemical bond? | The atoms either share or transfer valence electrons. This interaction usually results in atoms staying close together. |
| What is the strongest kind of chemical bond? | Covalent Bonds |
| What is a Covalent bond? | A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. |
| What constitutes a molecule? | A molecule is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
| What is a single bond? | A pair of shared electrons. |
| What is a double bond? | Sharing two pairs of valence electrons is known as a double bond. |
| What is electronegativity? | The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. The more electronegative an atom is the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself. |
| What is a nonpolar covalent bond? | When the two atoms have the same electronegativity and equally share the electrons. |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | When one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally. |
| What is an ion? | A charged atom or molecule. When the charge is +1 it is specifically called a cation. |
| What is an anion? | A negatively charged ion. |
| What is an Ionic bond? | When a cation and an anion attract each other. Ionic bonds form Ionic compounds also known as salts. |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | A non covalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom. |
| What is a chemical reaction? | The making and breaking of chemical bond, leading to the changes in the composition of matter. |
| What is a chemical equilibrium? | The point at which the reactions offset on another exactly. |
| What is the most fragile bond? | A hydrogen bond. It is about 1/20 the strength of a covalent bond. |
| What is cohesion? | The hydrogen bonds hold the water substance together. |
| What is Adhesion? | The clinging of one substance to another. |
| What is surface Tension? | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a greater surface tension than most liquids. |
| What is Kinetic energy? | The energy of motion. Atoms and molecules have kenetic energy because they are always moving. |
| Heat | A form of energy. |
| Temperature | A mesure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules regardless of volume. |
| Specific Heat | The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 C. |
| What is a solution? | The mixture of two or more substances. |
| What is a solvent? | The dissolving agent of a solution. |
| What is a solute? | The substance that is being dissolved in a solution. |
| What is an aqueous solution? | A solution in which water is the solvent. |
| Define Hydrophilic | A substance that has an affinity for water. |
| What is a colloid? | A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid. |
| Define Hydrophobic | A substance or molecule that repels water is known as hydrophobic. |
| Molecular mass | the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule. |
| Molarity | The number of moles of solute per liter of solution is the unit of concentration most used by biologists for aqueous solutions. |
| Hydroxide ion | OH- |
| Hydronium Ion | H3O+ |
| Acid | A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
| Base | A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
| PH scale | 0= most acidic on ph scale. 14 acts as the most basic # on the ph scale. |
| What is ph | The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithms of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH= -log {H+} |
| Buffer | A buffer is a substance that minimized changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. |
| Organic chemistry | Compounds containing carbon are said to be organic, and the branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds. |
| Isomers | Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties. |
| Structural isomer | They differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. |
| Geometric Isomers | Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds. |
| Enantiomers | They are isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, on that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms. |
| Functional Groups | The chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions. |
| List the 7 important chemical groups. | Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate. An organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. |
| Monomers | The building blocks that make up polymers |
| Enzymes | Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions. |
| Dehydration reaction | When two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | When polymers are disassembled to monomers. Water is used to break the polymers apart. |
| Carbohydrates | Both sugars and polymers of sugars. |
| Monosaccharides | The most simple sugar. |
| Disaccharides | Consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |
| Polysaccharides | They are Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. |
| Starch | Plants store starch, a polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, which include chloroplasts. |
| Glycogen | Animals store a polysaccharide called glycogen, a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched. |
| Cellulose | A polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. |
| A fat | A fat is fatty acids. |
| Fatty acid | Has a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length. The carbon skeleton at one end has a carboxyl group, the rest of the skeleton consists of a hydrocarbon chain. |
| Triacylglycerol | Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule. |
| Phospholipid | Hydrophilic head with Hydrophobic tails. They make up the cell membranes and the tails are attracted to eachother. |
Created by:
mderrick
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