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Micro Test 3
Trish Wynd
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 17-Neisseria Species -Stain gram negative, diploccal, aerobic | Stain gram negative (red) Neisseria (pathogenic) and Moraxella catarrhalis (non-pathogen) |
| Nesseria exists as usual normal flora in the ____ and ___ | upper respiratory urogenital track *meaning- most isolates are nonpathogenic and are routine normal flora |
| N. meiningitidis can be _____ inhabitant in carriers. | commensal- class of relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits without affecting the other |
| N. gonorrhea and N. meningitidis are considered primary ______. | Primary Pathogens- they make you sick! |
| N. gonorrhea can be found in _____ | the genital area and eyes |
| N. meningitidis can be found in____ | Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) |
| _______ Agar- blood agar base enriched with hemoglobin and supplement B | Thayer- Martian Agar |
| Selective for N. gonorrhea and N. men | Thayer- Martian Agar |
| In Thayer-Martin Agar, contaminating organisms are inhibited by: _____, ______, ______, and ______ | colistin, nystatin, vancomycin, and trimethoprim |
| _______ agar- pepton base, enriched with solution of 2% hemoglobin or IsoVitaleX (BBL) | Chocolate Agar |
| Chocolate agar purpose: cultivation of _____spp. and pathogenic _______spp. | Haemophilus and pathogenic Neisseria spp. |
| _______ Agar- peptone agar base with cornstarch, supplemented with yeast dialysate, 3% Hemoglobin, and horse plasma. | New York City Agar |
| New York City Agar contains these antibiotic supplements: ________, ______, ________, _______ | vancomycin, colistin, amphotericin B, and trimethoprim |
| New York City Agar is selective for ________ | Neisseria gonorrhoaeae |
| Which are pathogenic and which are nonpathogenic? 1. N. gonorrhoeae 2. N. menigitis 3. Moraxella catarrhalis- 4. Neisseria-other species- | 1. N. gonorrhoeae- pathogenic 2. N. menigitis- pathogenic 3. Moraxella catarrhalis-nonpathogenic 4. Neisseria-other species- nonpathogenic |
| True/False Humans are the only natural host in N. gonorrhea | TRUE |
| Gonorrhea is a acute pyogenic infection of the: Urogenital tract, pharynx (oral sex), anal canal and conjunctiva of the eye in _______ | babies. When the baby goes through the mother's gonorrhea infected vaginal. This can lead to blindness. |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical manifestations in MALES: 1. Incubation period ___to __ days 2. Transmitted only by _______ 3. ___% show symptoms of acute infection | 1. incubation period is 1 TO 7 DAYS(fast). 2. transmitted only by INTIMATE SEXUAL CONTACT 3. 95% |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Clinical manifestations in FEMALES: 1. __% to ___% are asymptomatic 2.Complications include: ____ and ectopic pregnancy | 1. 20 -80% 2. Sterility |
| These are Symptoms of ______: burning or increased frequency of urination, vag discharge, abdominal pain, vag bleeding, and fever. | N. gonorrhea in FEMALES |
| N. gonorrhoeae: infections in other sites: 1. Gonococcal arthritis- 2. Opthalmia nenonatorum- 3. Anal | 1. gonococcal arthritis- gets in joints 2. opthalmia nenonatorum- kids eyes |
| N. gonorrhoeae: Laboratory Test: 1.oxygen requirement-____ 2.oxygen requirement-_______ | 1.aerobic- needs air (i.e. why it lives in the urogenital tract and pharynx) 2. capnophilic- thrives in the presence of high levels of carbon dioxide |
| N. gonorrhoeae Laboratory Test: stains gram _____ | negative |
| N. gonorrhoeae Laboratory Test: shape- ______ | diplococcal (kldney bean) |
| N. gonorrhoeae: Laboratory Test: Oxidase _____ | oxidase positive- this is the PRIMARY test *exception: N. elongata |
| N. gonorrhoeae: Laboratory Test: Catalse ___ | positive |
| N. gonorrhoeae Laboratory Test: (other) 1. is a fastidious organism (special requirements) 2. may be seen inside WBC's | |
| N. gonorrhoeae Specimen collection: use the transport media _____ | Amies |
| N. gonorrhoeae Specimen collection: _____-a special media; plate within SIX HOURS. | PRAS |
| TRUE/FALSE N. gonorrhoeae may have a capsule. | FALSE, N. meningitis does have a capsule-virulence factor. Will see a clearing around the organism on a gram stain |
| Growth of N. gonorrhoea: Size, Shape, Color, Elevation | Larger, round, gray, flat ***remember this will be on a THAYER-MARTIAN PLATE |
| Lab Diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae: (overview) 1. on Thayer-Maritan Plate- larger, round, flat, gray colonies 2. do oxidase test-positive 3. do microtubules | Remember: will be a vaginal/penis sample on AMIES media or PRAS. Plate within SIX hours. |
| N. gonorrhea Laboratory Diagnosis: These are the ____reagents: 1% dimethyl-p-phenylene-diamine-diocholoride or tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine-diocholoride | OXIDASE reagents |
| N. gonorrhea Laboratory Diagnosis: In the oxidase test pink color= ___result black color= ___ result | pink- negative black- positive |
| Carbohydrate Utilization used for the identification of ________ spp. | Neisseria |
| Carbohydrate Utilization: use ________ agar | cystine trypitase agar (CTA) |
| Carbohydrate Utilization: CTA contains: glucose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose | in lab we used: glucose, maltose, lactose in a MINI-ID TRIO-TUBE |
| Carbohydrate Utilization: _________ is the pH indicator in CTA *read tubes in __to__hr | Phenol Red *read in 24-72 hours |
| TRUE/FLASE Neisseria spp. ALWAYS utilizes GLUCOSE. | TRUE |
| A positive reaction in CTA: red color to _____ color | YELLOW- carbohydrate is fermented |
| Carbohydrate Utilization: uses GLUCOSE and MALTOSE | N. meningitidis |
| Carbohydrate Utilization: uses GLUCOSE, MALTOSE and LACTOSE | N. lactamica |
| Carbohydrate Utilization: uses GLUCOSE only | N. gonorrhoeae |
| Carbohydrate Utilization: does NOT use glucose, lactose, maltose | N. catarrhalis |
| Mini-ID Trio Tube (what we used in lab) PRINCIPLE: this system uses rapid carbohydrate degradation microtubes to determine the fermenation of glucose, maltose, and lactose. | |
| Mini-ID Trio Tube (what we used in lab): this is used to differentiate ___ spp. | Neisseria |
| Nucleic Acid Detection Technology: Use Neisseria gonorrhea PACE by the manufacturer ______ | Gen-Probe |
| TRUE/FALSE N. gonnorrhea resistance in the USA is becoming more common. | TRUE. Mutations are becoming resistant to PENICILLIN. |
| This Neisseria PATHOGEN is found in the NASOPHARYNX of commensal carriers | Neisseria meningitidis commensal- a form of symbiosis in which one organism derives a benefit while the other is unaffected |
| Neisseria meningitidis: may cross the epithelium and enter the ____ system -can lead to _________ | circulatory system can lead to SEPTICEMIA and MENINGITIS |
| ____________- primarily affects IMMUNOCOMPROMISED, young children, and trauma patients | Neisseria meningitidis |
| Neisseria meningitidis: ____ strains are the most virulent | ENCAPSULATED strains ***HIGHLY FATAL- 25% DIE even with treatment |
| Neisseria meningitidis: transmitted by _________; requires close contact | Respiratory droplets |
| Neisseria meningitidis Clinical Manifestations: TRUE/ FALSE can be treated with Penicillin- prophylaxis with rifampin or sulfonamides | TRUE - |
| Neisseria meningitidis Clinical Manifestations: to help control an outbreak, for military recruits, and for travelers to epidemic areas a ____may be given | VACCINE- it is NOT very effective, and is only for certain subtypes. |
| Laboratory Diagnosis of N. meningitidis: What three places might a sample come from? | CSF, blood, or nasopharyngeal swabs or aspirates. |
| Laboratory Diagnosis of N. meningitidis: it may be necessary to ____ CSF to improve detection on direct exam | cytocentrifuge- we only get 1mm of CSF. *remember CSF should be STERILE. |
| Gram Smear and Colony Culture of N. meningitidis: 1. gram stains ____ 2. may appear singularly or inside ___ | 1. gram negative 2. inside WBC |
| *gram stains for Neisseria spp. are important because it helps differentiate from Strep pneumonia. | S. pneumonia is gram postive; Neisseria spp is gram negative |
| Moraxella catarrhalis: is an important ______pathogen; normal commensal of the ________ | OPPORTUNIST pathogen; found in the UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT |
| ________- Clinical Infections: Pneumonia, Sinusitis, Otitis media | Moraxella catarrhalis |
| a gram stain of urethral discharge which contains gram negative cocci in pairs inside neutrophils. GNID, gram-negative intracellular diplococci. | Neisseria gonorrhea |
| _________- is a fastidious organism requiring growth factors which are present in hemolyzed blood cells | Neisseria gonorrhoeae, use a Thayer-Martian plate |
| The only distinguishing structural feature between N meningitidis and N gonorrhoeae is the presence of a ______. | Capsule in N. meningitis. The capsule is antiphagocytic and is an important virulence factor |
| _____-many strains produce Beta lactamase | Moraxella catarrhalis |
| GRAM-NEGATIVE DIPLOCOCCI, NONMOTILE, NONSPOREFORMING, CATALASE: POSITIVE, OXIDASE: POSITIVE, AEROBES | N. gonorrhoeae |
| ____-will grow on BAP and CHOC | N. meningitis |
| ____-will NOT grow on BAP, but will on CHOC | N. gonorrhea |
| Chapter 18-Haemophilus and other fastidious gram negative bacilli | General Characteristics: coccoid to rod shaped, nonmotile, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic, |
| Haemophilus looks _____ in direct smears | coccobacillius |
| Oxygen requirements of Haemophilus & Pasteurella: _______ | aerobic to facultatively anaerobic conditions |
| ______-converts nitrite to nitrate | Haemophilus & Pasteurella-reduces nitrite |
| When a CATALSE test (hydrogen peroxide) is preformed on Haemophilus & Pasteurella it: | bubbles! a positive reaction |
| Haemophilus & Pasteurella is oxidase ____ | positive, it will turn PURPLE. Remember: N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine is the reagent used. |
| Is Haemophilus motile or nonmotile? | nonmotile |
| Where does Haemophilus live? | mucous membranes-line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs |
| H. influenzae, H. haemolyticus, H. aegyptius are all pathogenic/nonpathogenic? | pathogenic- are involved in human infection |
| Haemophilus means "blood loving" meaning some species require ___ and ___ factors | X and V factors |
| hemin/hematin on BAP is ___ factor | X factor-on a BLOOD AGAR PLATE |
| nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is __ factor | V factor |
| What type of plating media contains BOTH X and V factor? | Chocolate Agar-pepton base, enriched with solution of 2% hemoglobin or IsoVitaleX (BBL) |
| What type of plating media is used to determine X and V factors? | Quadrant Plate (used in lab) |
| Which three species that cause hemoloysis release the V factor on their own/naturally produce V factor? | Staphylococcous aureus, Staphylococcous pneumonia, and Neisseria species |
| Which two Haemophilus spp. do NOT participate in satellitism? | H. aphrophilus and H. ducreyi |
| ____- on 5% BAP (sheep blood agar)- growth of a fastidious organism around other bacteria that release the necessary growth factors or breakdown toxic products | Satellitism |
| True/False: If Staphylococcous aureus, Staphylococcous pneumonia, and Neisseria species are present on a BAP are present, Haemophilus will grow. | True via satellitism. Staphylococcous aureus, Staphylococcous pneumonia, and Neisseria species release the factors allowing Haemophilus to grow on a BAP. |
| Haemophilus ID Quad Plate (used in lab): Principle- clinically significant Haemophilus may be differentiated and presumptively Id by determination of in vitro growth requirements for X and V factors and hemolytic reactions. | |
| Which Quadrant? has both factors X and V, with 5% horse blood. What grows? | Quad 1 H. haemolyticus and H. influenza ***To differentate between the two is H. haemplyticus hemolyzes the agar! *** |
| Which Quadrant? has hemin (X factor). What grows? | Quad 2 H. ducreyi- STD |
| Which Quadrant? has NAD (V factor). What grows? | Quad 3 H. parainfluenzae, H. parahaemolyticus, H. paraphrohaemolyticus, and A. segris |
| Which Quadrant? has both factors X and V. What grows? | Quad 4 ALL MENTIONED ABOVE- H. influenza, H. haemolyticus, H. parainfluenzae, H. parahaemolyticus |
| What species will NOT grow on a quad plate-it does not grow with V/X factors? | Aggregatibacter aphrophilus ! |
| What is a virulence factor with H. influenza? | some strains are encapsulated. |
| Infections cause by ______: septicemia, septic arthritis, meningitis, osteomeyelitis, cellulitis, pericarditis | Encapsulated strains of H. influenza |
| Infections caused by _____: otitis media with effusion, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, bacteremia, pneumonia (in old people) | NONencapsulated strains of H. influenza |
| Thus, nonencapsulated strains of H. influenza are not as severe and mainly causes head issues. | Encapsulated strains are worse and can get into the bloodstream |
| _____-causes pinkeye (conjunctivitis), especially in kids | H. aegyptius- remember doesn't do satellitism on 5% BAP |
| ____-is a sexually transmitted dieases (STD). Causes cancroid, painful lesions in the genital and perianal areas. | H. ducreyi-remember doesn't do satellitism on 5% BAP |
| Neisseria meningitidis is __________ to vancomycin and colistin | resistant. these inhibit other organisms from growing. |
| The gold standard of diagnosis is isolation of N. meningitidis from _____ body fluid. | sterile. In a small population of people N. meningitidis is apart of the normal pharynx flora. |
| Culturing Haemophilus: Plate on _____ agar; Blood agar plate for groups that don't require ___ factor | Chocolate agar; don't require (NAD) V factor |
| Haemophilus Colony Morphology: | Translucent, moist, smooth, convex colonies |
| TRUE/FASLE Haemophilus spp can have a capsule | True- they appear more mucoid on plate |
| Lab ID of Haemophilus (strip test): 1. Take colonies from an inital isolation of Haemophilus 2. Place the colonies in _____ broth and mix | nutrient broth- remember it is a liquid |
| Lab ID of Haemophilus: 3. Place nutrient broth mixture on a ___ agar plate | nutrient agar plate |
| Lab ID of Haemophilus: 4. Add X and V strips to the media and incubate at __temperature, ___environment, for ____ hours | incubate at 35-37C in 5-10% CO2 for 18-24 hours. remember that haemophilus is CAPNOPHILIC (5-10% CO2) |
| HACEK stands for what? | Haemophilus spp ( Aggregatibacter aprhtophilus), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella spp. |
| Characteristics of _____ group- gram negative bacullus, capnophilic, do not grow on MAC, usual flora of oral cavity | HACEK |
| What members are slow growers of HACEK? | ACEK- do ONPG! |
| Which member of HACEK? most likely causes of endocarditis, found in dental plaque and gingial scrapings. V factor dependent. | H-Aggregatibacter aphrophilus |
| Which member of HACEK? involved in human tissue infections attributed to cattle, sheep, pigs, horse bites/contact. Star shaped colonies | A-Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcoitans |
| ___-urease, indole, scsulin, citrate negative | A-Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcoitans |
| Which member of HACEK? normal flora of mouth, nose, throat, GI tract; can lead to endocarditis after dental procedures. Most likely cause of aortic valve infections. Rosettes on gram stain. Pitting on agar (CHOC, BAP). | Cardiobacterium hominis |
| Which member of HACEK? normal flora of bowels and oral cavity. Usually seen as a result of trauma (fist wounds). Requires X factor. Asaccharolytic (catalse negative). Corrodes/pits the agar. Causes cellulitis. | E-Eikenella corrodens |
| Which member of HACEK? important pathogen in pediatrics for osteoarthritis. Coccobacilli or short rods in pairs/chains. Nonmotile, but may twitch. | K-Kingella spp. |
| How to differentate between Kingella and N.gonnorrheae? | N. gonnorrhea does not pit the agar. |
| ____-gram negative rod that is often fusiform. Common is septicemia. Facultatively anaerobic, needs CO2. | Capnocytophaga-will mess up gums of teeth |
| Pasturella, Brucella, Francisella are all acquired from ___. Cutaneous infections are most common. | animals-zoophilic organisms |
| ____-can get from exposure from dog and cat bites or scratches. Colonize the upper respiratory tract and GI tract of mammals and birds. | Pasteurella multocida |
| ____-spp. gram negative plemorphic coccobacilli with bipolar staining-safety pin. Oval shaped, short rods, longer filaments. Nonhemolytic mucoid colonies with geen/brown halo. | Pasteurella spp. |
| _____-reoccurring fever at regular intervals that persist for days, months, years | Brucellosis or undulant fever-zoonotic infection for animals/products |
| 3 most common species for human brucellosis? What do they do? | B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis; cause bacteremia and abortion in pregnant women |
| ___ spp.- potention bioterrorism organism. nonspore forming, gram negative coccobacilli, strict aerobes | Brucella |
| ___-spp. highly infectious Category A agent national security risk. Acquired from rabbits, deerflies, water rats. Causes tularemia. Plate on CHOC | Francisella spp. - zoonotic infection |
| ____-spp. atypical pneumonia, pontiac fever, weakly staining, Legionaires diease. | Legionella spp. |
| ____agar- yeast extract, agar, charcoal, and salts supplemented with L-cysteine HCL, ferric pyrophosphate, ACES buffer, and a-ketoglutarate. | Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar-used for Legionella spp. |
| Legionella pneumophila's source is: | present in environmental water sources, air conditioning systems, respiratory secretions from patients. |
| Reservoirs of Legionella: man made water treatment systems; can survive ___. Adheres to pipes, rubber. | survives chlorinated water. |
| ____ Detection: culture, antigen in urine, direct fluorescent antibody testing, serology. | Legionella spp. |
| Asymptomatic to deadly. Nonproductive cough, fever, headache, DIC: | Legionella |
| ____ Gram stain: pleomorphic thin weakly staining gram neg rods. found within macrophages and neutrophils, extracellularly | Legionella |
| Culturing Legionella: aerobic bacteria, requires _____ for growth-must plate of BCYE. Small, pinpoint colonies. Wash with acid to reduce contaminants | L-cysteine |
| "Ground glass" colony morphology, Asaccharolytic | Legionella |
| ___ spp.- small gram neg rod, pathogen, whopping cough. | Bordetella |
| What transport media and plating media used for Bordetella? | Regan-Lowe transport, Bordet Gengou potato infusion aga |
| ____ agar- potato-glycerol-based medium enriched with 15-20% defibrinated blood. Contaminates inhibited by methicillin | |
| Bordet Gengou potato infusion agar used for the isolation of? | B. pertussis |
| ____agar-charcoal agar supplemented with horse blood, cephalexin, and amphotericin N | Regan Lowe transport |
| Regan Lowe transport is used for enrichment and selective for: | B. pertussis |
| ____ infection- breathing in aerosols; bacteria adhere and grow on lungs. Highly contagious. | B. pertussis and B. parapertussis |
| B. pertussis and B. parapertussis specimens are best from ____ | nasopharynx. calcium alginate/dacron swab |
| B. pertussis and B. parapertussis- Must incubate in aerobic conditions for ___ days | 7 days |
| General characteristics of ____- gram neg, nonspore forming bacillus or coccobacilli, facultatively anaerobic | Enterobacteriaceae |
| ___colony on BAP: large, moist, gray | Enterobacteriaceae; Klebsiella is mucoid |
| Enterobacteriaceae Biochemicals: glucose ____; oxidase____;growth throughout thio broth | glucose pos; oxidase neg |
| _____Virulence Factors: adherence via pilli, enterotoxins (food poisioning), hylaronidase, | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Enterobacteriaceae Virulence Factors: name the three antigens and what they do. | 1. O antigen- somatic 2. H antigen-flagella 3. K antigen- capsule, heat liable |
| K antigen: K1 antigen of E. coli. Vi antigen of ____ | Vi antigen of Salmonella typhi |
| E. coli 0157:H7- toxins produced by ___ toxin | Shiga. |
| Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica are all ____ | pathogens. They make you sick |
| ____ colony: dry, pink colonies on MAC, Beta hemolysis on BAP | Escherichia coli |
| ___: TSI- A/A. IMVIC ++--. Urea neg | Escherichia coli |
| Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is an enterohemorrhagic type of _____ | Escherichia coli |
| ____-spp: colony is moist gray mucoid with a polysaccharide capsule. TSI: A/A,-,-. MVIC --++ | Klebsiella spp. |
| Klebsiella spp. is a slow fermenter so do a ___ | ONPG-slow fermementers! |
| _____: colony is brick red on MAC at room temp. Gray on BAP. Postive ONPG. Produce DNAse. | Serratia |
| Proteus ___: colony is swarming. TSI K/A with H2S production. PAD pos. | Proteus mirabilis |
| Proteus ___: A/A with H2S production. PAD pos. | Proteus vulgaris |
| Citrobacter ____:most common. nosocomial UTI, pneumonias | Citrobacter freundii |
| Citrobacter vs Salmonella: | Citrobacter freundii is lysine decarboxylase negative. Salmonella is lysine decarboxylase postive |
| ____spp: gram neg rods, facultatively anaerobic. Clear, colorless nonlactose fermenting colonies with black centers. TSI: K/A with H2S production | Salmonella spp. |
| Salmonella spp. can cause typhoid fever caused from S.___ | S. typhi-can develop into carrier state and pass to others via food |
| Four type of Shigella species: | |
| Group A- most serious in developing countries | S. dysenteriae |
| Group B-gays, young adults, 2nd most common USA | S. flexneri |
| Group C- developing countries | S. boydii |
| Group D-most common isolate in USA | S. sonnei |
| __spp: nonlactose fermenting. TSI: K/A no H2S. | Shigella |
| ___spp.: gram beg coccobacilli resembling a safety pin appearance (bipolar staining) | Yersinia spp. Plague- animals |
| Use __ agar for Yersinia | CIN agar. |
| Slow lactose fermenters have ___enzyme | one enzyme beta-galactosidase. Normal fermemters have 2 enzymes |
| 2 tubes-aerobic and anaerobic. Anaerobic is overlayed with ___ | oil. |
| TSI: All enterobacteriase ferment ___ | glucose (yellow) |
| TSI: slant is ____; butt is ____ | slant-aerobic; butt anaerobic |
| TSI: black color means | detect production of H2S- ferrous sulfate and sodium thiosulfate |
| TSI: has sucrose, glucose, lactose | |
| TSI: use phenol red indicator. Acidic is ___color. Alkaline is ___ color | acidic-yellow. alkaline-red |
| TSI: when only glucose is fermented starts out A/A then turns to | K/A-read at 24 hours. slant is pink, butt is yellow |
| why? | after glucose is used up, peptones in the slant get degraded leading to higher pH (pink). Anaerobic fermentation produces more acid in butt-yellow |
| TSI: lactose or sucrose fermentation will see | A/A-all yellow. uses glucose first |
| TSI: gas production-bubbles, splitting or media- is common in __ | anaerobes |
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