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Scanlan Glossary
The glossary of Microbiology Lecture Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acquired Immunity types | 1. cell-mediated 2. humoral 3. mucosal |
| Acquired Immunity (def.) | immunity acquired after birth |
| Active Immunity | Immunity acquired by immunization or infection |
| Agar | used as a solidifying media in bacteriologic media |
| % agar in a solid agar media | 1% |
| % agar in a soft agar media | 0.5% |
| Alternate Complement Pathway | utilizes 6 complement components (C3, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9) and can be activated by LPS in a gram negative bacteria. |
| Sulfonamides interfere with _____ in bacteria | purine synthesis |
| Antibody | glycoproteins formed in response to antigens that are recognized by the body as foreign. |
| Antigen | Carbohydrates and proteins with MW>10,000 |
| Antigen-presenting cells (2) | monocytes and macrophages |
| Antigen-presenting cells (function) | ingest, process, and present bacterial antigens to B-lymphocytes, which differentiate to become plasma cells; plasma cells produce the antibodies. |
| Autoclave | an apparatus for sterilizing by steam under pressure. 121 C 15 psi 15 minutes |
| B-lymphocyte | differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells; in mammals, these differentiate in the bone marrow and fetal liver. |
| Bacterin | a killed suspension of bacteria used for immunization. |
| Formalin | often used to kill the bacteria and inactivate the toxins/enzymes when producing bacterin |
| Bacteriocin | a compound produced by bacteria that can kill similar bacteria |
| Bacteriophage | a bacterial virus that infects a bacteria. |
| Carries Clostridium botulinum toxin types C and D | bacteriophage |
| Biovar | a bacterial strain that can be distinguished from other bacterial strains of the same species by diffenent physiological characteristics. (S. aureus aureus example) |
| Blood agar with paper strips impregnated with factors X and V | X & V paper disks are placed on blood agar that has been inoculated with selected Actinobacillus and Haemophilus species. Growth adjacent to paper strip indicate the bacteria's growth requirements for factors X & V. |
| Factor X | Hemin |
| Factor V | NAD |
| Atmospheric conditions in a Brewer jar | 10% CO2 10% H2 80% N2 |
| Indicator used in a Brewer jar | Methylene blue |
| Capnophilic atmosphere | Air supplemented with 8-10% CO2 |
| Capsule | Located on surface of bacteria Antiphagocytic Composed of carb, protein, or hyaluronic acid |
| Antigenic capsules are composed of | carbs or protein |
| Non-antigenic capsules are composed of | hyaluronic acid |
| Cell-mediated immunity | utilizes activated macrophages and T-lymphocytes Provides immunity against facultative intracellular and obligate intracellular pathogens |
| Cell-wall free bacterium | have a cytoplasmic membrane with proteins and sterols, but no cell wall; includes mycoplasma and ureaplasma |
| Chemotaxis | the movement of aphagocytic cell towards or away from a substance that establishes a [ ] gradient; C3a and C5a are chemotactic factors that attract neutrophils + macrophages to the bacterial infection |
| Chocolate agar | Contains factor X and factor V. Factor X released by heating blood to lyse erythrocytes. The heat does not inactivate factor V. Cultures Actinobacillus and Haemophillus. |
| Classical complement pathway | Utilizes 9 complement components and can be activated by IgG or IgM. After C1 fixes to the Fc moiety of IgG or IgM, C4-9 follow |
| Cytotoxin | kill eukaryotic cells by inhibiting their protein synthesis; e.g. Shiga.Shigalike toxins I and II. |
| Enterobacteriaceae | enteric bacteria of us + animals facultative anaerobic G- saccharolytic and oxidase-negative includes Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, & Yersinia. |
| Giemsa Stain | a hematology stain that is used to stain Chlamydiaceae and Rickettsiaceae |
| Gimenez Stain | Used to stain Chlamydiaceae and Rickettsiaceae and uses the same primary and counterstains as Z-N; bacteria stain RED. |
| Granulocyte | leukeocytes with granles in their cytoplasm. In humans + animals, 70% of leukeocytes are neutrophils (the main type of granulocyte) |
| Heat-laible enterotoxin | -produced by enterotoxigenic E. coli -holotoxin -1 A subunit and 5 B subunits -causes hypersecretion of H2O and electrolytes into the sm. intestine lumen |
| Holotoxin | excreted from a bacterium as an inactive prototoxin. Proteolytic enzymes act on the prototoxin to form the holotoxin |
| Provides protective immunity against EXTRACELLULAR pathogens | Humoral |
| Provides protextive immunity against OBLIGATE and FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR pathogens | Cell-mediated |
| IgG | -2 gamma heavy chains -can fix complement and attach to Fc receptors on macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils -MW=180,000 -significant role in humoral immunity against extracellular pathogens |
| IgM | -10 mu heavy chains -MW = 900,000 -high [ ] in serum -role in humoral immunity -can fix complement and attach to Fc receptors on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils |
| MacConkey agar | -all Enterobacteriaceae can be cultured on this -some G- bacteria (no G+) -differentiates lactose positive (red colonies) from lactose negative (colorless colonies) -neutral red indicator - |
| Macrophage | -extravascular -mononuclear luekeocyte -phagocytic activity -ingest, process, and present antigens to B-lymphocytes -role in cell-mediated immunity |
| Mannitol salt agar | -phenol red -only staphylococcus forms colonies -mannitol-positive bacteria produce an acid rxn |
| Monocyte | an intravascular mononuclear leukeocyte with phagocytic activity When it migrates into tissues, is called a macrophage Represents ~5% of leukeocytes |
| Neutrophil | -polymorphonuclear leukeocyte -cytoplasmic granules -phagocytic cells with C3b and Fc receptors -70% of all leukeocytes |
| Opsonin | bind a bacterium to a phagocytic cell and facilitate phagocytosis (IgG, IgM, C3b). IgG + IgM attach to Fc receptors on pro. phagocytic cells C3b attaches to C3b receptors on pro. phagocytic cells |
| Rickettsiaceae | -obligate intracellular pathogens -form cytoplasmic inclusions and/or nuclear inclusions in host |
| Saccharolytic | obligate aerobes -- either obligate anaerobes -- either facultative anaerobes -- saccharolytic |
| sIgA | -MW=360,000 -4 alpha heavy chains -role in mucosal immunity |
| Somatic antigen | cell wall antigens of G+ and G- bacteria carbohydrate |
| Streptolysin O | -antigenic -oxygen-laible |
| Streptolysin S | -nonantigenic -oxygen-stable |
| Superoxide dismutase | -helps anaerobic bacteria survive aerobic conditions for short times -forms H2O2 from H2 and superoxide radical |
| T-helper cell | -act in concert w/ B-lymphocytes to --> antibodies to pretein antigens -responsible for immunoglobulin class shift IgM --> IgG |
| T-lymphocyte | -differentiated in the thymus -role in cell-mediated immunity |
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