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GEOL1010
Minerals, Rocks, Atoms, Igneous Rocks, Volcanous
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Are naturally occurring inorganic solids | Minerals |
| Have: a. Orderly crystalline structure Quartz SiO2 - mineral Si & O bond to form a definite pattern that keeps repeating | Minerals |
| b. A well define chemical composition Does not imply a fixed composition | Mineral |
| a. Glass SiO2 - Not mineral - Si & O bond more random - Not repeating pattern | Minerals |
| Plagioclase --> Na, Al, Si, O composition can vary: Ca, Si, Al, O slightly within well-define limits | Example of minerals |
| An aggregate of one of more minerals | Rock |
| Some made of simple minerals Exp. Limestone: made of calcite | Rocks made of |
| Most made of 2or more minerals Exp. Granite: Plagioclase, Quartz, Biotite | Rocks made of |
| Minerals are made up of elements -some made of single elements Exp. Graphite - carbon Most made of 2 or more elements Exp. Plagioclase | Atomic Structure and Bonding |
| Made up of Nucleus (Protons = positive charge +) Neutrons = Not charge | Atom |
| Around Electrons Negative charge Located in energy levels shells | Nucleus |
| # Protons + # Electrons - | Atomic # |
| Mass | Atomic weight |
| Overall is electrically Neutral | Atom |
| Ca # 20 40.08 Mass | Calcium |
| # 1 Shell-max 2 electrons # 2 Shell-max 8 electrons # 3 Shell-max 18 electrons | Sodium Na # 11 |
| Determined what kind of type of minerals will form. Exp. Sodium # 11 Na | Energy Level Shells |
| Valence Electrons - in outer most shells - involved in bonding * called Inert or Noble Gasses | Bonding |
| Out Shell filled with 8 electrons. Don't bond easily | Inert Atom |
| Outer shell not fill with 8 electrons Will bond with other atoms in order to fill outer shell with 8 electrons | Reactive Atom |
| Ionic one atom give up electron to another Cl # 17 NaCl = Halite = Salt | Types of Bonding |
| 2 electrons are share strong bond Exp. | Covalent |
| Share electrons Electrons are fire to move back and fort between atoms Exp. Copper, Gold, Silver good conductors of electricity | Metallic Atoms |
| Type of bonding Size of atom or ion Size of charge on ion | Crystalline Structure of Minerals determines by: |
| 2 minerals with same composition But different Properties Weak bonds between sheets | Polimorph Mineral |
| -Carbon bond strong in 2D to forms Diamond- Carbon - all carbon covalently bonded into 3D Network. All bonds are generally strong in all directions. | Examples of Polimorph Minerlas |
| Chemical Compositions & atomic structure gives minerals a unique set of properties | Physical Properties of Minerals |
| Will grow into if it is allowed to grow unhinderes. | Crystal Form or Shape (minerals) |
| Way light reflects form surfaces | Luster (minerals) |
| Looks like s metal | Metallic (minerals) |
| Glassy, pearly, silky, dull, shiny, waxy | Not Metallic (minerals) |
| Color of mineral in power form. Most useful for metallic minerals | Color of Streak (minerals) |
| How easy scratch in minerals | Hardness (minerals) |
| Tendency of some minerals to break along flat planar surface | Cleavage (minerals) |
| Minerals without cleavage will fracture when broken | Fracture (minerals) |
| Spinter on fiber Chonchodile (Breack always smooth mineral surface) | Types of Fracture (minerals) |
| To Acid | React (minerals) |
| Magnet | Attracts (minerals) |
| Most abundant elements in continent crust | Minerals Groups |
| Largest Group (Minerals) Common Silicate Minerals | Silicates |
| SiO4 -4 Complexion | Silica Tetrahedron |
| Al+3 Fe+3 Fe+2 Mg+2 Ca+2 Na+1 K+1 | Silica Tetrahedron will bond with: |
| Quartz | Watches and glass |
| Carbonate | Calcite - Cement |
| Sulfide | Pyrite FeS2- Fools Gold Chalcopyrite CyFe - Copper one |
| Galena | Source of Lead |
| Sulfate | Gypsum -- Plaster, Dry wall |
| Oxides | Hematite, Magnetite = Source of Iron |
| Phosphate | Apatete - Fertilizers |
| Form from Cooling & Crystallization of Magma (melted rock) | Igneous Rocks |
| Intrusive o Plutonic Entrusive o Volcanic | Types of Igneous Rocks |
| When Magma cools inside earth | Intrusive o Platonic |
| Magma Erupted to surface as lava cools at surface. | Entrusive o Volcanic |
| Mainly determined by cooling rate | Igneous Texture |
| Slow cooling rate lots of time for minerals to grow large | Intrusive Texture |
| Most minerals large enough to see | Phaneritic Texture |
| Fast Cooling rate Not enough time for minerals to grow large fine grained | Extrusive Texture |
| Most minerals are too tiny to see | Apharitic Texture |
| Rocks has a lot of holes seen in outer part of lava flows due to the escaping gas that as lava cools | Vesicular Texture |
| very fast cooling not minerals volcanic glass obsidian | Glassy Texture |
| Ash & rocks fragments fused together violent eruption | Pyroclastic |
| Early period of slow cooling Later period of fast cooling Large Minerals and Apharitic | Porphyritic |
| Mainly by cooling rate Mainly by composition | Texture Determined (porphyritic) |
| Very fluids erupts quietly Apharitic Texture | Balsatic Magma |
| More Viscous erupts Violently Pyroclastic Texture | Granite Magma |
| Original Magma composition (most important factor) Temperature at which minerals form | Types of minerals in igneous rocks |
| Olivine forms first If olivine is allows to remain cantact with melt it will react melt to form pyroxene | In discontinuos Series |
| Reacts with melt to form Amphibole | Pyroxene |
| Reacts with melt to form Biotite | Amphibole |
| Because each mineral has different crystalline structure | Called Discontinuos |
| Ca - Plagioclase forms 1st it will react with melt to form Na - plagioclase | Continuos Series |
| Because there is not change in crystalline structure.Only a simple Ion change | Called Continuos |
| Potasium Felds Muscovite Quartz (Not a reaction series) | Order of formation base on temperature |
| Process of generating one or more secondary magma parent magma | Magma Differentation |
| Crystal Settling Earthly formed minerals settle to bottom of Magma Chamber | How Magma differentiaton occurre? |
| Are not in contact with melt | Magma Chamber |
| Composition of parent magma can change when surrounding host rock mixes with parent magma | Assimilation |
| 2 separate magma bodies can merge and composition will became a blend of the 2 parent magma | Magma Mixing |
| Increase of Heat/Temperature Subduction will cause frictional heat that can cause melting. | Magma Form in Mantle |
| Increase pressure will increase rock melting point. Decrease pressure will decrease rock melting point. | Role of Pressure |
| When Pressure decrease enough rocks melt due to | Decompression melting |
| Adding water or other volatile to rock will lower melting point. Can happen when oceans plate sub ducts into mantle. Water form plate gets into mantle rock lower melting point rock melt. | Role of Volatile |
| Volcanic Eruptions Plutons | Occurrence Igneous Rocks |
| Occurs when any rocks structures that form when magma cools inside Earth | Plutons |
| Cut across pre-existing rocks | Discordant Plutons |
| Magma Chamber that has cooled & solidified | Batholite |
| Tubular Shaped magma is forced into cracks & cools. Few inches to several feet wide Few miles long | Dike |
| Magma Intrudes parallel or in between layers | Concordant Plutons |
| Tubular Shapes Form just below surface can cool fast & have Aphanitic Texture | Sill |
| Parallel to layers But displaces overlying layers causing them to arch up lens Shape More viscous magma | Laccolith |
| Magma form 100 miles deep Magma is less dense that solid rock & will rise up | Batholith Formation |
| At depth host rocks is ductile. Rising magma pushes aside over lying rock. Called Shouldering. Near surface host rock is to brittle to be pushed aside. Blocks of host rock will break off & sink into magma. | How Magma can rise up thru solid rock? |
| Called Stopping. Magma can melt overlying host rock. | magma rise up (2ND part) |
| Rise of Salt Dome | Silimiar Process |
| How mobile Magma is If Magma is very viscous, it will not flow easily--> erupts violently. Less viscous magma flow easily erupts quietly. | Viscosity |
| 90% is Basaltic. Very Fluid less viscosity. Can travel up 90 miles from source | Lava |
| Type of lava that is very fluid, smooth vopy Texture. | Pohoehoe |
| Type of lava that is a little more viscous, rough blocky jagged Texture | Aa |
| As lava cools it becomes more viscous As gas escapes it becomes more viscouse | Pohoehoe Lava turn into an Aa lava flow |
| Was expose into water when lava flows or erupts into water | Pillow Lava |
| Lava cools to form 5-6 side columns due to shrinkage crack create this columns shapes | Columnar Basalts |
| Mauna Loa - Tunnel 40 miles long | Lava Tubes / Tunnels |
| Any Lava or rock fragments erupted into air | Pyroclastic Material |
| Due ti vuscous gas-rich magma that erupts violent | Ash & Dust |
| Bits of lava, pea to walnut side | cinders |
| Larger pieces of lava or rock | Blocks |
| Lava Bombs | |
| Basaltic Lava with vesicular textures (holes on it, reddish color) | Scoria |
| Anclesitic lava with vesicular texture | Pumice |
| water vapor 70% carbon dioxide 15 % Nitrogen 5 % Sulfar Dioxide 5% Other 5% | Gases 1 - 6 % of magma |
| Play an important role. Can help to create an Explosive Eruption in some cases. Release of gas may or may not be violent depending on type of magma. | Gases |
| Very fluid-allows gas to escape quietly | Basaltic Magma |
| More viscous Exploit violently, gas collect in pockets until pressure is so great it explodes violently | Rhyolitic |
| Help to create passages that connect magma chambers to surface. Helps to keep passages clear of debris. | Gases |
| Largest. Basaltic lava (spread out big distance) No cone shape. Broad, gently sloping. Lava travel thou the tube and expand | Shield |
| 6 miles high, largest shield doesn't star see level, start from the ocean floor to 6 miles top. | Mauna Loa (Hawaian Islands) |
| Most active shield world erupts every 3-5 years center erupts vents also from rift Zones. Fractures that radiale out from vent | Kilauea |
| Smallest Volcanoes, made of pyroclstic material , Steep Slopes, up to 1000 ft high. Don't erupt for very long on and off. | Ander Cones |
| Violent (pacific ocean) Eruption alternate in lava an pyroclastic, viscous andestic lava. Pyroclastic material 12,000 - 14,000 ft above see level. Erupt very dangerous-->Pyroplatic Flow | Composite Cone or Strato Volcano |
| Mt. Vesuvius, Mt. Fuji, Mt. St. Helen, Mt. Pelee, Crate Lake | Example or Strato Volcanos |
| Very hot cloud of gas, ash & lava fragments 1000 C/ 1800 F, up to 200 Km / 125 mph | Pyroclastic Flow |
| Mud flow form when snow melt or rain mixes with loose ash or sediments (move very quickly) up to 60 mph. | Lahar |
| Depression en summit. Summit collapses into partially emptied magma chamber | Caldera / Cracker |
| Less than a mile | Crater |
| Greater than a mile | Caldera |
| 6 miles across (very significant depression) | Crater Lake |
| 30 miles wide / 40 miles long | Yellow Stone [Caldera] |
| Due to the fissure Eruptions --> eruptions all along fracture in crust. | Flood Basalts |
| Flood Basalts - 80,000 sq miles in places 1 mile thick | Columbia River |
| Mid-Ocean Ridge greats volumen of volcano rock forms here | Divergent Plate Boundary |
| With Subduction 1 plate dives under to another plate when plate reaches 150 Km deep there is melting->magma->rises to surface to make volcanic Islands or Mountains | Convergent Plates Boundary |
| Usually warm regions in mantle that produce magma. Magma rises to make volcanoes. Exp. Hawaiian Islands | Hot Spots |
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