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Insect Anatomy
Internal and External Anatomy, Sensory, Reproduction, and Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Arthropod(Etym.) | Jointed-Leg |
| Chelicerata (examples of) | Scorpions, Spiders, and Crabs |
| Hexapoda(Etym.) | Six-Feet |
| Chilopoda (examples of) | Centipedes |
| Diplopoda (examples of) | Millipedes |
| Myriapoda(Etym.) | Many-Legs, Numerous double somites |
| Crustacea (broad description) | (Phylum) Aquatic arthropods |
| Uniramous(Etym.) | Jointed-Appendage |
| Biramous(Etym.) | Branched-Appendage |
| Exoskeleton | Made of two layers: Epidermis and Cuticle |
| Sclerotization | Formation of phenolic bridges between proteins in epicuticle |
| Chitin | A tough, protective, semi-transparent substance; Primary material of exoskeleton |
| Nauplius | 1st stage of larvae that has six appendages |
| Acron | Primary of the twenty somites; contains the eyes |
| Somite | The initial form of one body segement; Insects have nineteen + one acron |
| Entognatha(Etym.) | Mouthparts-Within; cousin to insect; member of hexapoda |
| Ectognatha(Etym.) | Mouthparts-Outside; (Insects) |
| Entomophagy | The eating of insects. |
| Entomophagous | Edible insects |
| Endocuticle | 1st cuticle layer; secreted by epidermis |
| exocuticle | 2nd cuticle layer |
| epicuticle | 3rd and final cuticle layer; sclerotized cuticle |
| Epidermis | Cellular layer that secretes cuticle |
| Basement membrane | Underneath epidermis |
| prognathous(Etym.) | Mouth-Before |
| hypognathous(Etym.) | Mouth-Under |
| opisthognathous(Etym.) | Mouth-Behind |
| Scape | 1st/basal segment of antennae |
| Pedicel | 2nd segment of antennae |
| flagellum | End of an antennae, from 3rd segment to most distal segment |
| Antennal types | Filiform; Moniliform; Setaceous; Clavate; Capitate; Serrate; Bipectinate; Plumose; Lamellate; Stylate; Aristate |
| Labium | Bottom of four main mouthparts |
| Mandibles | Cutting/chewing mouthparts |
| Maxillae | Mouthpart: used to hold or manipulate food |
| labrum | Top of four main mouthparts |
| palps | A sensory appendage (maxillary palps) |
| Mouthpart types | Chewing; Lapping; Sucking; Sponging; Piercing-sucking; Rasping-sucking; Biting-lapping; Filter feeding |
| Tergite | An exoskeletal plate |
| Sternite | The primary thoracic ventral(bottom) tergite |
| Notum | The primary thoracic dorsal(top) tergite |
| Pleuron | The thoracic lateral(side) tergites |
| Leg segments | Coxa; Trochanter; Femur; Tibia; Tarsus(Tarsomeres and pretarsus) |
| Leg types | Cursorial; Saltatorlia; Raptorial; Natatorial; Fossorial |
| Prolegs | Fleshy appendages protruding from the abdomen |
| Indirect flight | Two muscles direct wing movement (more evolved, most common) |
| Direct flight | Three muscles direct wing movement(less evolved) |
| Wing veins | costal; subcostal; radial; median; anal; jugal; crossveins |
| Cerci | Terminal (posterior) sensory segments |
| Ovipositor | Egg laying appendage |
| Hemocoel | Body cavity |
| Hemolymph | Blood: mostly water, some ions & other cells, 20-40% by weight, often clear, mediates nutrient and waste exchange |
| Dorsal | “top” |
| Ventral | “bottom” |
| Dorsal heart | Tube-like organ, pumps hemolymph from posterior to anterior |
| Fat body | “Liver:” Energy store (glycogen, fat, protein), regulates sugar, adipocytes(stored fat), |
| Spiracles | ≤10 pairs of air vents on lateral sides of insect |
| Trachea | ringed(taenidia) air ducts lined with cuticle |
| Tracheoles | terminal ends of tracheal tubes; connections to muscle fibers |
| Air sacs | Air reserves in some insects |
| Terminal spiracles | posterior spiracles that open and close for aquatic insects |
| Digestive tract | foregut (pharynx, oesophagus, crop); midgut (ventriculus with peritrophic membrane); hindgut (ileum, colon, rectum, anus) |
| Crop | “stomach:” food store before digestion |
| Proventriculus | grinding section controls passage of food into midgut |
| Gastric caeca | circulation areas for secreting digestive enzymes |
| Malpighian tubules | absorbs nitrogenous and other wastes from hemolymph, dumps into ileum/colon |
| Brain | Central nervous system |
| subesophageal ganglion | Posterior portion of brain |
| Thoracic and abdominal ganglia | 3rd and 4th nervous centers posterior of the first; controls motor functions |
| Ventral nerve cord | “Spinal cord” |
| Ovaries | Egg production center |
| Lateral oviduct | Ovary connection tubes |
| Spermatheca | Sperm stored here after copulation |
| Common oviduct | Where lateral oviducts join |
| Bursa copulatrix | Vagina |
| Testes | Sperm production center |
| Vas deferens | Testes connection tube |
| Adeagus | “penis;” External sperm delivery appendage, connects to genital duct. |
| Neuron | A brain cell (mono-, bi-, or multi-polar) |
| Dendrite | A branched extension of the neuron that receives impulses |
| Axon | The long, thread-like part of the neuron along which impulses are directed |
| Synapse | A narrow gap between two neurons which impulses pass by diffusion |
| Neurotransmitter | A chemical substance released in the neuron after an impulse is received |
| Photoreception | A retinal neuron that is stimulated by light |
| Proprioreception | The sensing of motor functions and body positions. |
| Mechanoreception | A neuron that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion |
| Chemoreception | A neuron that responds to chemical stimulii |
| Lateral ocelli | One to six simple eyes on each side, near vertex of insect’s head |
| Dorsol ocelli | A 3rd simple eye on the center line of the insect’s head |
| Corneal lenses | The lenses that each sit at the distal end of the omatidia |
| Sensory rods | A retinula cell with rhodopsin(light responsive pigment) |
| Ommatidia | Refers to each of the individual eyes within the compound eye |
| Rhodopsin | A light responsive pigment in the sensory rod |
| Rhabdom | The tube where focused light is cast onto the sensory rod |
| Crystalline cone | Directs light from the lens and through the crystalline tract to the rhabdom |
| Pigment cells | Lie behind the retinula cell |
| Dark-adapted | Referring to eyes with large apertures(crystalline tracts) |
| Light-adapted | Reffering to eyes with small apertures(crystalline tracts) |
| Trichoid Sensilla | “Hair-like” structures for sensing. |
| Chemosensory hair | A hair with a diffusive layer for sensing chemicals, containing a dendrite bathed in lymph fluid. |
| Trichogen cell | an epidermal cell that secretes hair |
| Tormogen cell | an epidermal cell that secretes a ring of cuticle |
| Scolopale cell | a cell that surrounds the neuron |
| Cap cell | the mediator between the epidermis and the dendrite |
| Sound Receptor | Disk shaped membranes located near the legs wing bases. |
| Chordotonal organ | senses movement in jointed areas and other moving areas |
| Scolopidia | General term for a sensing organ containing three cells |
| nymph | an immature hemimetabolous insect |
| naiad | an aquatic nymph |
| larva | an immature holometabolous insect |
| pupa | a resting stage between larva and adult; a chrysalis |
| adult | an insect that is able to copulate |
| imago | an adult; the reproductive instar of determinate insects |
| instar | a growth stage of insects between molts |
| Metamorphosis and molting | a required process for insects to increase in size |
| Indeterminate growth | an insect that molts an untold number of times |
| determinate growth | an insect that molts a preset number of times |
| Ametabolous | an insect that undergoes little change in body form between molts. |
| hemimetabolous | an insect that undergoes partial or incomplete metamorphosis |
| holometabolous | an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis |
| Hypermetamorphosis | when an insect goes through more than the usual number of transformations |
| triungulin | 1st instar in certain beetles that has three claws on each foot |
| Polypod or oligopod | a larva with jointed thoracic legs and prolegs on the abdomen. |
| apodous larva | a larva lacking legs |
| Obtect | pupa with appendages cemented to the body |
| Exarate | pupa with appendages free from the body |
| Decticous | pupa with movable mandables |
| adecticous | pupa with immobile mandables |
| Embryogenesis | The process by which an embryo develops into a fetus. |
| Energids | referring to all the daughter nuclei in one cell |
| neonate | a newly enclosed immature insect |
| Puparium | the hardened skin of the final instar in which the pupa forms |
| PTTH | brain hormone that goes to prothoracic gland |
| Apolysis | the separation of the old from the new cuticle |
| Sclerotization | the process of cuticle hardening via phenolic bridges between proteins |
| Bursicon | a neuropeptide hormone that controls hardening and darkening of the cuticle after ecdysis. |
| Ecdysial membrane | prevents molting fluid from digesting new cuticle |
| Ecdysis | the process of molting/shedding the cuticle |
| Exuvia | cast-off skins or coverings after molt |
| Ecdysone | hormone released by thoracic gland that stimulates epidermal cells to divide |
| Juvenile hormone | hormone that inhibits adult features |
| Univoltine | one generation per year |
| multivoltine | having several generations in one year |
| delayed voltine/semivoltine | more than one generation per year |
| hibernation | undergoing quiescence or diapause when conditions are cold |
| aestivation | undergoing quiescence or diapause when conditions are hot or dry |
| quiescence | slowing down of metabolism or development due to adverse environmental conditions |
| diapause | a psychological state of arrested development until conditions are right again |
| Ptilinum | an air sac that aids puparium fracture at emergence |
| Teneral period | when an adult in unsclerotized and unpigmented |
| Oviparity | reproduction in which eggs are laid |
| Viviparity | the bearing of live young |
| Ovoviviparity | incubated in reproductive tract, fully developed eggs hatch shortly after being laid |
| Pseudoplacental | a yolk deficient egg develops to nourish larvae which hatch directly in reproductive tract |
| viviparity | the bearing of live young |
| Hemocoelous vivaparity | embryos develop in the hemolymph and absorb nutrients via osmosis |
| Adenotrophic viviparity | poorly developed larva hatches internally and feeds on secretions, fully grown larva is laid and pupates immediately |
| Parthenogenesis | offspring develop from unfertilized eggs |
| Haplodiploid | The male is missing the Y-chromosome (thus he’s XO), so the resultant offspring is always female (XX). |
| Wolbachia | A bacteria that kills males during development. |
| polyembryony | the production of more than one embryo in a single egg |
| vitelline membrane | surrounds immature egg cell (oocyte) |
| chorion | Egg shell (wax, endo- and exo-chorion) |
| ovarian follicle cells | cells that surround stem cell, contribute materials, and secrete egg shell |
| aeropyle | structure in egg shell that allows air exchange |
| micropyle | structure in egg shell where sperm penetrates |
| ootheca | egg packet which is laid with casing around it |
| spermatophore | all inclusive package of sperm |
| PSR chromosome | kills all parentally derived chromosomes except itself |
| Lek | a gathering of males for a competitive mating display |
| Pheromone | a species specific blend of saturate alcohols, acetates, and carboxylic acids which causes hormonal/behavioral reactions in one another |
| Bioluminescence | chemical reactions that give off light in order to attract a mate |
| Bombykol | the 1st pheromone identified, which was from silkworms |
| Hairpencils | a brush-like structure on the abdomen which secretes pheromones |
| Nuptial gift | an offering to a potential mate |
| Sexual cannibalism | when females feed on males during or after copulation |
| Copulation | to engage in sexual intercourse |
| Traumatic insemination | the paramere stabs the female’s body wall and inseminates directly into the reproductive tract or in the hemolymph |
| urocytes | cells that act as temporary stores for urate excretion products |
| Elytron/elytra | the modified, hardened, fore wing of a beetle that protects the hind wing |
| Haltere | a modified hind wing in Diptera, acting as a balancer |
| Spiracles | external opening of the tracheal system |
| Crochets | curved hooks, spines, or spinules on prolegs |
| flagellomere | one of the subdivisions of a multi-segmented antennal flagellum |
| Ostia and aorta | slit-like openings in the dorsal vessel (heart), which permit inward flow of hemolymph |
| Plastron | the air/water interface for aquatic insects; the site of gaseous exchange |
| Ovarioles | several ovarian tubes that form the ovary |
Created by:
chris_ketter
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