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Bio 12: Unit 1
unit 1 for bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name 4 Biochemicals | (1) Carbohydrates (2) Lipids (3) Proteins (4) Nucleic acids |
| What is a Covalent bond? | a bond where atoms share valence electrons |
| What is an Ionic bond? | when one atom loses one or more electrons and the other atom gains. |
| What are hydrogen bonds? | They are non-covalent attractions between hydrogen and an electronegative atom that form weak bonds. |
| Explain Cohesion of water molecules. | Cohesion means sticking together. Because of H-bonding, water molecules stick together creating a high surface tension. It contributes to transportation of water and dissolved nutrients. |
| How does temperature affect H-bonds? | Temp. decreases=more stable, temp. increases=kinetic energy increases, H-bonds break. |
| How does water moderate temperature? | It absorbs heat from air that is warmer and releases stored heat that is cooler. |
| Explain waters high specific heat capacity. | heat must be absorbed to break h-bonds and is released when h-bonds form. In order for water to change state, heat must disrupt the h-bonds. |
| Explain water as a universal solvent. | Molecules that are ionically bonded break apart in water and water transports the resulting ions. Other compounds can break apart in water as well. |
| What is a solution? | A liquid that is completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances. |
| What is a solvent? | the dissolving agent of a solution |
| What is a solute? | the substance dissolved |
| What is hydrophilic? | substance that has an affinity for water. ex. collid |
| What is hydrophobic? | substances without affinity to water. |
| Explain water as a lubricant. | water is a very valuable lubricant in bodies of organisms. ex. water in saliva moistening food and lubricating the esophagus during swallowing. |
| Explain why water's density and transparency are useful for the earth. | Transparency=sunlight penetrates through water and reaches plants. Density=ice is less dense than water and allows organisms to live under the ice. (also isolates) |
| What is pH? | a measure of the amount of free H+ in a system. |
| What is an acid? examples. | chemicals that release H+. ex. vinegar, lemonade, HCl |
| what is a base? examples. | chemicals that release OH-. ex. cleaners, NaOH, blood |
| What is neutralization? | when hydrogen and hydroxide join to make water and the other chemical makes salt. |
| What are buffers? example | chemicals in our bodies that prevent significant changes in pH. They either pick up or release hydrogen or hydroxide. ex. biocarbonate. |
| What are hydrocarbons? Polar or non-polar? | organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. non-polar. |
| What are Isomers? | Compounds with same number of atoms of elements but different structures and different properties. |
| How many types of Isomers? | 3 types: structural, Cis-trans, Enantiomers |
| What are structural isomers? | differ in covalent partners. (basically, structure is different or has different location of double bonds.) |
| What are cis-trans isomers? | differ in arrangement around a double bond. Carbons have bonds to same atoms but atoms differ in spatial arrangements. |
| Cis-isomer. | two x's are on same side |
| trans-isomer. | two x's are on opposite sides |
| What are enatiomers? | Mirror images of each other that differ in shape due to presence of asymmetric carbon. like left and right hands. |
| What are the 7 most important chemical groups? | Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups |
| What are monomers? | repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer |
| What are polymers? | long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. (MADE OF MONOMERS) |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | When monomers covalently bond to make a polymer and release a water molecule. |
| What is Hydrolysis? | breaks bonds in a polymer by adding water molecules. |
| What do enzymes do? | speed up the process of synthesis and breakdown. |
| What are carbohydrates? What is it's formula? What does it include? | Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon. CH2O (aka empirical formula). It includes sugars and polymers of sugars |
| What are three forms of carbohydrates? | monosaccharide (1 sugar), disaccharide (2 sugars), polysaccharide (many sugars). |
| What are trademarks of a sugar? | a carboxyl group ( c=0) and multiple hydroxyl groups |
| What is a simple sugar? example. | simple sugar=monosaccharide, have a molecular formula that is a multiple of CH20. ex. glucose, fructose, galactose (are isomers of each other) |
| What is aldose (aldenyde sugar)? | sugar with carbonyl group at the end of carbon skeleton |
| what is ketose (ketone sugar)? | sugar with carbocyl group w/n carbon skeleton. |
| What can simple sugars do? | monosaccharides like glucose are the main fuel source for cells, while simple sugars like ribose and deoxyribose are structural components of DNA. |
| What is a glycosidic linkage? | the covalent bond between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis. |
| Functions of disaccharides | often serve as forms of sugar transport (energy storage). Disaccharides are also the form which carbohydrates are transported throughout the body. |
| What are polysaccharides? | formed when many monosaccharides are linked together through many many synthesis reactions. known as polymers. |
| Examples of polysaccharides. | Cellulose, starch, glycogen ---> all polymers of glucose |
| Explain storage polysaccharides. | Plants and animals store sugars for later use in form of storage polysaccharides. Sugar is later withdrawn by hydrolysis. |
| What do plants store? what do animals store? where? | plants store starch, animals store glycogen. animals store in liver and muscle cells. plants store in leaves. |
| What is cellulose? | A straight chain polymer of glucose found in PLANTS. Humans are unble to digest it and it passes through our digestive system. This is called fibre. It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. |
| What is starch? | A fairly straight chain glucose polymer with a small number of branches. It is found in plants but digestable by humans. It is the major form in which the monosaccharide glucose is storage in plants. |
| What is glycogen? | A highly branches polymer of glucose found in animals. It is the major form in which the monosaccharide glucose is storage in animals. |
| What are lipids? | Biochemicals that do not freely mix with polar solvents like water. They are the second most important energy molecules for us. |
| Properties of a lipid. | hydrophobic, non-polar, stick together, yellowish, slippery |
| 4 types of Lipids | 1. Fatty acids, 2. Triglycerides, 3. Phospholipids, 4. steroids. (commonly known as oils, fats and waxes) |
| 2 types of fatty acids. | Saturated and non-saturated. |
| Saturated fatty acid. | No double bonds between carbons. Every carbon is completely saturated with hydrogen. Usually solid at room temp. (things like animal fats) |
| Un-saturated fatty acid. | Contains one or more double bonds between carbons. Means that hydrogen does not occupy every space. Causes kinds to form. Usually liquid at room temp (like olive oil) |
| How are neutral fats (or triglyceride) made? | 3 fatty acids and glycerol are joined by an ester linkage (dehydration synthesis) |
| What do fatty acids have? | A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at the end. |
| What is an ester linkage? | a bond between a hydroxyl group and carboxyl group |
| What is the main function of a Triglyceride? Where can i be found? | storage. A gram of fat store more than twice as much energy as a gram of polysaccharide). Stored in adipose tissue. |
| What do phospholipids make? | Cell membrane |
| How are phospholipids made? | Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. Hydrocarbon tail are hydrophobic but phosphate group forms a hydrophilic head. |
| What happens to phospholipids in water? | It creates a bilayer where the hydrophilic head is on the outside and the hydrophobic tail is in the interior. |
| What are steroids? | non-polar lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. |
| Main form of steroid? | cholesterol. It is synthesized in liver and obtained from the diet. |
| Name different functions of steroids. | structural component of the cell membrane, sexual characteristics, |
| Examples of steroids. | androstenedione, testosterone |
| Examples of Structural Proteins | Collagen-skin resilience, keratin-gives hair strength |
| Examples of metabolic (functional) proteins | Enzymes-breaks down things, Antibodies-fights infections, hormones-causes reactions in the body |
| What is a Protein? | Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides each folded and coiled in a specific 3D shape. |
| What is an amino acid? what is a polypeptide? How many amino acids? | amino acid is the monomer, polypeptide is the polymer. 20 amino acids |
| What is the structure of the amino acid? | hydrogen connect to central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group (acid), "R" group (there are 20) |
| Why are amino acid side chains hydrophilic? | they are charged, acidic amino acids=neg side chain, basic amino acids=pos side chain. |
| What is a peptide bond? | When two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they are joined by dehydration synthesis. When it occurs over and over, it makes a polypeptide. They are strong covalent bonds |
| What is a functional protein? | one or more polypeptides that are precisely twisted, folded and coiled into a molecule of unique shape. The sequence of amino acids determines the 3D shape. |
| What does the function of a protein depend on? | It's ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule. |
| What are the four levels for the structures of proteins? | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| Explain the Primary structure of a protein. | The unique sequence of the amino acids determined by genetic information. It dictates the secondary and tertiary structures. |
| Explain the Secondary structure of a protein. | It shows various shapes, alpha helix or b pleated sheet. Held together by H-bonds between every fourth amino acids. |
| Explain the Tertiary structure of a protein. | amino acids (b/c of "r" groups) cause kinks or bends in the spiral pattern. B/c of this, segments are brought close together and new bonds (H, ionic, covalent) form. Also hydrophobic side chains make clusters at core of protein. |
| What is a disulphide bridge? | a covalent bond between two sulphides. |
| Explain the Quaternary structure. | (not for all proteins) It is multiple polypeptides joining together to become a functional protein. ex. hemoglobin |
| What is denaturation. What causes it? | When a protein loses its shape and therefore loses its function. Heat, pH, heavy metals can cause denaturation. |
| What are chaperonins? | protein molecules that assist in proper folding of other proteins. Doesn't specify final structure but keeps polypeptide segregated from bad influences. |
| What is the monomer of Nucleic acids? | nucleotides. |
| What do nucleic acids do? Name the two types. | store, transmit, and help express hereditary information. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). They enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the other. |
| What are nucleotides composed of? How are they linked? | Phosphate group, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and nitrogenous base. Bases bonded to each sugar and H-bonded to each other. |
| What is DNA? what does it provide? | Genetic material organisms inherit from parents. Determines order of amino acids in proteins and thus determines their structure and function. Directs RNA synthesis |
| What is RNA? what does it do? | It is involved in taking the genetic info from the DNA and using it to link together amino acids to make proteins. Provides energy. |
| Flow of genetic info? | DNA---->RNA---->protein |
| What is a nucleoside? | The portion of nucleotide without the phosphate group. |
| What are the 2 Nitrogenous bases? What are its differences? How are they linked? | Pyrimidine (1 ring) and Purine (2 rings). Always equal amount of pyrimidine and purine, linked by H-bonds. |
| Name the Pyrimidine bases | Thymine, uracil and cytosine |
| Name the purine bases | adenine, and guanine |
| What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)? | An RNA nucleotide with an adenine base and two additional phosphate groups. It is the energy currency of the cell. Through cellular respiration it coverts energy of glucose into high energy phosphate group. |
| ATP is used to: | provide energy necessary for energy absorbing reactions in the cell, provide energy to get substances outside, provide energy for cellular metabolism, conduct ion particles across nerve cells. |
| What is a Polar Bond? | A covalent bond in which electrons are shared but not equally. Happens when two different atoms come together. |
| What is a non-polar bond? | When two atoms of the same element come together. It is pure. Like N2. |
| What do neutral fats do? (function) | they insulate from temperature changes and damage. |
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db5k
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