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Bio
Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hierarchy for Organisms | KPCOFGS Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| Prokarotic | single cells, NO nucleus or cellular organelles. Ex: Bacteria/Eubacteria/Archaebacteria |
| Eurkaryotic | multi cellular, have nucleus, - plants, animals, fungi, protista |
| Mutations | source of variation, in DNA, most are harmful |
| Adaptive Traits ( non harmful mutations) | gives an individual an advantage to survive, ie: sickle cell survives malaria; certain bacteria only live in hot environments |
| Evolution | occurs in population, not person, occurs in DNA. Ex: smaller jaw, obsolete appendix, little toe shrinking, |
| Artificial Selection | breeders favor some traits, breed them. Size of tomatoes, tangelos, labradoodles |
| Natural Selection | "survival of the fittest" = whether or not ones genes are included in the next generation |
| Scientific Method | 1 Observe 2 Develop Hypothesis 3 Make a prediction 4 Test 5 Analyze the results / Conclusion |
| Element | fundamental form of matter, can't be broken apart naturally |
| Biological CHNOPS | most common elements in a living organisms: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfer |
| Atoms | smallest particles that retain properties of an element. Have Protons, Neutrons, Electrons. |
| Atomic Number | the number of protons in an element |
| Mass Number | the number of protons AND neutrons |
| Ionic Bond | 2 atoms exchange electrons, transferred. *Broken with water* |
| Covalent Bond | 2 atoms share electrons |
| Hydrogen Bond | occur between hydrogen and nitrogen or hydrogen and oxygen. *Within ajacent molecules. Weak individually, Very Strong in large numbers. **The only way to break a hydrogen bond is with heat*** |
| Ions | formed when an element gains or loses e- making it + or - |
| 90% of cells are | water |
| Water | Polar. Solvent. Cohesive (molecules bound tightly). Temperature Stabilizing Effect. |
| Specific Heat | amount of energy needed to change one gram one degree celsius |
| Hydrophilic | Love water. Polar, dissolves in water .. sugar, salt. |
| Hydrophobic | Non polar, doesn't dissolve in water .. oil. |
| pH scale | the measure of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| Acidic | more H+, donate H+, lower pH, produce H when react with metal, OJ, tomatoes, coffee ; begins with H = acid; HCl |
| Basic | fewer H+, accept H+, when electrolyzed they release -OH, cleaners, milk of magnesium, bleach ; ends with OH = base; NaOH |
| All life is made of Carbon | 6 on periodic table, 6 protons, 6 neutrons, mass number = 12. |
| Neutrons are sticky | they're inbetween the protons to keep the nucleus together |
| What kind of bonds does Carbon choose ? | covalent, can bond with itself - single, double, or triple bonds. |
| Lipids | insulation, energy ; cholesteral, waxes, fats. Cell membranes are two layers of lipids. |
| Saturated/Unsaturated | Sat - single bonds Unsat - one or more double bonds |
| Carbohydrates (-ose) | used for energy, respiration, and make up exoskeletons, covalent bonds |
| Monosaccharides | dioxyribose |
| Polysaccharides | ribose |
| Proteins | form blood, hair, nails, muscles and enzymes. ** DNA makes protein. |
| Amino acids | 20 naturally occur. Peptide bonds. |
| AA Primary / Secondary | sequence of AA / twist, pleated sheet, alphahelix |
| AA Tertiary / Quaternary | twisted bonded shape / 4 tertiaries |
| Cells are measured in | micrometers, their parts are measured in nanometers |
| Why aren't cells bigger? | They rely on the cell membrane to transport everything. Oxygen can't diffuse that far. **Surface Area to Volume Ratio ** |
| Cell Theory | 1 - All living things are made of cells. 2 - the cell is the smallest unit having the properties of life. 3 - Continuity of life arises directly from growth and cell division of single cells. |
| Three Basic Parts of a Cell | 1) Cell Membrane (2) DNA containing region (3) Cytoplasm containing ribosomes (to transcribe DNA) |
| Cell Membrane | made of phospholipids, double membrane, hydrophillic heads with hydrophobic tails. They are fluid mosiacs. |
| Chromatin | All DNA associated proteins in the nucleus |
| ER | bends proteins into shape |
| Golgi body | transports protein out of the cell |
| Lysosomes | waste disposal |
| Vacuoles | *in plants* controls the water levels |
| Mitochondrion | site of respiration, makes ATP |
| Cristae | squiggle in mitochondra |
| Chloroplasts | *in plants* contains thylakoids, site of photosynthesis |
| Buffers | stop a change in pH, soaks up H+, keeps solution neutral, blood is a buffer |
| The higher things go, the _____ potential energy it hass | greater |
| Energy is the | capacity to do work |
| Energy cannot be | created nor destroyed |
| Energy flows from | high to low, down the concentration gradient, with heat being the least useful form |
| Every conversion of energy releases | heat. |
| As a system loses energy | it becomes more disorganized. |
| Entropy | the measure of disorder of a system |
| ATP | made of Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates |
| Each glucose produces, how many ATP? | 36 |
| Phosphates are bound by | high energy bonds |
| Metabolism | is directional, down the concentration gradient, releases energy/heat. It either makes something ~ photosynthesis, or uses something up ~ respiration |
| Endergonic | the rxn needs a kick start |
| Exergonic | spontaneous and release energy. |
| Exothermic Rxn | gives off more energy than it uses to start |
| Endothermic Rxn | uses more energy to begin than it gives off |
| Enzymes | lowers necessary activation energy, can be reused, specific to certain parts of the reactions, |
| All enzymes are | proteins. They only work in certain temperatures, pHs and salinities. |
| Heterotrophs | feed on other things |
| Autotrophs | produce their own food |
| 1st stage of photosynthesis | Requires light. Water is split by light, drives out e-, when it goes back to ground state, it releases energy, the e- get caught in the chlorophyll, finally releasing oxygen, occurs in and out of the membranes of the chloroplasts stacks. |
| 2nd stage of photosynthsis | independent of light. |
| Fermentation | yeast cells > only produce 2 ATP per 1 glucose, an aerobic conditions; produces alcohol |
| Aerobic Respiration | mitochondria releases 36 ATP |
| Electron transport chains | (photosynthesis and aerobic respiration) yields 32 ATP |
| Lactic acid | builds up in muscles, lack of oxygen, cramps |
| Why do cells divide? | to allow us to be more complex, to grow, to reproduce offspring ;; to repair and replace dead cells |
| Prokaryotes reproduce... | through fission, ~asexual~ |
| Eukaryotes reproduce.. | by mitosis and meiosis ;; sexual |
| Chromosomes | very tightly coiled DNA, coiled around histones |
| Humans have ___ chromosomes | 46 with 23 pairs. |
| 22 pairs are | autosomal ; one pair controls our sexQuaterary |
| Mitosis | chromosomes duplicate, two daughter cells just like parent cell |
| Cancer is | cell division our of control |
| Alleles | different forms of the gene |
| Meiosis | Parent is diploid, chromosomes duplicate, cell splits, then splits again. 4 haploids are produced. |
| Nondisjunction | occurs when incorrect # of chromosomes end up in a gamete cell |
| Monohybrid | one allele pair |
| Homozygous | the alleles are the same |
| Heterozygous | the alleles are different |
| Back cross/test cross | uses a double recessive to test pure breed |
| DNA is made up of | nucleotides |
| Nucleotides are | three molecules -- phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen base |
| Purines | two rings, adenine, guanine |
| Pyrimidines | one ring, thymine, cytosine, uracil |
| # of Hydrogen bonds btwn A&T | 2 |
| # of Hydrogen bonds btwn C&G | 3 |
| These check to be sure there were no mistakes made in replication | Enzymes |
| Replication | DNA makes DNA |
| Transcription | DNA makes RNA |
| Translation | RNA makes protein |
| RNA | a copy of one side, single strand, has NO thymine, Uracil instead, |
| 3 nucleotide bases = | a codon |
| AUG | is the start codon |
| mRNA, rRNA, tRNA | messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA |
| Deletion in transcriptions | can cause the ribosome to miss the cue to start making proteins, and certain proteins are left out. *deletions cause frameshift mutations* Ex: cystic fibrosis |
Created by:
malsue88
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