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Human Biology
Mid-Term 1 KeyWords
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypothesis | Tentative explanation for an observation that requires testing to validate. |
| The Scientific Method | A systematic method of research consisting of putting a hypothesis to a test designed to disprove it, if it is in fact false. |
| Observations | Measurement of nature. |
| Testable | Possible to evaluate through observations of the measurable universe. |
| Falsifiable | Able to be proved false. |
| Scientific Theory | Body of scientifically accepted general principles that explain natural phenomenon. |
| Inductive Reasoning | A logical process that argues from specific instances to a general conclusion. |
| Deductive Reasoning | Making a prediction about the outcome of a test; "if/then" statements. |
| Alternative Hypothesis | Factor other than the tested hypothesis that may explain observations. |
| Independent Variable | A factor whose value influences the value of the dependent variable, but is not influenced by it. In experiments, the variable that is manipulated. |
| Dependent Variable | The variable in a study that is expected to change in response to changes in the independent variable. |
| Random Assignment | Placing individuals into experimental and control groups randomly to eliminate systematic differences between the groups. |
| Placebo | Sham treatment in experiments |
| Blind Experiment | Test in which subjects are not aware of exactly what they are predicted to experience. |
| Double Blind | Experimental design protocol when both research subjects and scientists performing the measurements are unaware of either the experimental hypothesis or who is in the control or experimental group. |
| Correlation | Describes a relationship between two factors. |
| sampling error | Effect of chance on experimental results. |
| anecdotal evidence | Information based on one person's personal experience. |
| metabolism | All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy. |
| homeostasis | The steady state condition an organism works to maintain. |
| atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
| proton | A positively charged subatomic particle. |
| neutron | An electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom. |
| electron | A negatively charged subatomic particle. |
| nucleus | Cell structure that houses DNA; found in eukaryote. |
| atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Unique to each element, this number is designated by a subscript to the left of the symbol for the element. |
| electronegative | The tendency to attract electrons to form a chemical bond. |
| chemical reaction | A process by which one or more chemical substances is transformed into one or more different chemical substances. |
| reactant | any starting material in a chemical reaction. |
| hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule. |
| cohesion | The tendency for molecules of the same material to stick together. |
| hydrophilic | Readily dissolving in water. |
| hydrophobic | Not able to dissolve in water. |
| pH | A logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging from 0-14. Lower numbers equaling higher hydrogen ion concentrations. |
| organic chemistry | The chemistry of carbon-containing substances. |
| electron shell | An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom. |
| valence shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom containing the valence electrons which are most involved in the chemical reactions of the atom. |
| covalent bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons. |
| hydrocarbon | A compound consisting of carbons and hydrogens. |
| macromolecule | Any of the large molecules including polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids, composed of subunits joined by dehydration synthesis. |
| carbohydrate | Energy-rich molecule that is the major source of energy for the cell. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio CH2O. |
| polysaccharide | A carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides. |
| protein | Cellular constituents made of amino acids coded for by genes. Proteins can have structural, transport, or enzymatic roles. |
| enzyme | Protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reactions. |
| amino acid | Monomer subunit of a protein. Contains an amino, a carboxyl, and a unique side group. |
| peptide bond | Covalent bond that joins the amino group and carboxyl group of adjacent amino acids |
| lipid | Hydrophobic molecule including fats, phospholipids, and steroids. |
| phospholipid | One of three types of lipids, phospholipids are components of cell membranes. |
| nucleotides | Building blocks of nucleic acids that include a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | Information-carrying molecule composed of nucleotides. |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all of the proteins required by the cell. |
| adenine (A) | Nitrogenous base in DNA, a purine. |
| guanine (G) | Nitrogenous base in DNA, a purine. |
| thymine (T) | Nitrogenous base in DNA, a pyrimidine. |
| cytosine (C) | Nitrogenous base, a pyrimidine. |
| base-pairing rule | A pairs with T;G pairs with C |
| purine | Nitrogenous base (A or G) with a two-ring structure. |
| pyrimidine | Nitrogenous base (C, T or U) with a single-ring structure. |
| sugar-phosphate backbone | Series of alternating sugars and phosphates along the length of the DNA helix. |
| theory of evolution | Theory that all organisms on earth today are descendants of a single ancestor that arose in the distant past. See also evolution. |
| prokaryote | Type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bounded organelles. |
| eukaryote | Cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles. |
| cell wall | Tough but elastic structure surrounding plant and bacterial cell membranes. |
| organelle | Subcellular structure found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that performs a specific job. |
| fluid mosaic model | The accepted model for how membranes are structured with proteins bobbing in a sea of phospholipids. |
| semipermeable | In biological membranes, a membrane that allows some substances to pass but prohibits the passage of others. |
| cytoplasm | The entire contents of the cell (except the nucleus) surrounded by the plasma membrane. |
| mitochondria | Organelles in which products of the digestive system are converted to ATP. |
| chloroplast | An organelle found in plant cells that absorbs sunlight and uses the energy derived to produce sugars. |
| lysosome | A membrane-bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of many cells. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | ribosome studded subcellular membranes found in the cytoplasm and responsible for some protein synthesis. |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | The subcellular, cytoplasmic membrane system responsible for lipid and steroid biosynthesis. |
| Golgi apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of flattened membranous sacs that modify and sort proteins and other substances. |
| ribosome | subcellular structure that helps translate genetic material into proteins by anchoring and exposing small sequences of mRNA. |
| centriole | A structure in animal cells that helps anchor for microtubules during cell division. |
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robynbeck4359
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