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CV System
Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The heart is located in the ____ of the thorax? | Mediastinum |
| The hearts broad flat (base/apex) or posterior surface is about 9cm wide and directed toward the (right/left) shoulder? | Base; right |
| The hearts (base/apex) points inferiorly toward the left hip? | Apex |
| The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the ____? | Pericardium |
| The loosely fitting superficial part of the pericardium is the ____ ____? | Fibrous Pericardium |
| The following are functions of the ____ ____. Protects the heart, anchors it to surrounding structures, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood. | Fibrous Pericardium |
| Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the ____ ____, a thin, slippery, two layered serous membrane? | Serous Pericardium |
| The (visceral/parietal) layer of the serous pericardium lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium? | Parietal |
| The (visceral/parietal) layer lines the surface of the heart? | Visceral |
| The visceral layer is also called the ____? | Epicardium |
| Between the parietal and visceral layers is the ____ ____, which contains a film of serous fliud? | Pericardial Cavity |
| ____ is the inflammation of the pericardium, it roughens the serous memebrane surfaces? | Pericarditis |
| The condition in which the heart is compress by fliud is called ____ ____? | Cardiac Tamponade |
| Cardiac tamponade is caused by ____ ____, the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity? | Pericardial Effusion |
| What are the tree layers of the heart? | Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium |
| The superficial ____ is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium? | Epicardium |
| Which layers is often infiltrated with fat, especially in older people? | Epicardium |
| The middle layer, the ____ , is composed mainly of cardiac muscle and forms the bulk of the heart? | Myocardium |
| The ____, is the layer of the heart that contracts? | Myocardium |
| The ____ ____ of the ____, reinforces the myocardium and anchors the cardiac muscle fibers? | Fibrous skeleton of the heart |
| The third, inner most layer is the ____? | Endocardium |
| From the inside to outside, list the layers of the heart wall and the covering of the heart. | 1.Endocardium, 2.myocardium, 3.epicardium (visceral layer of the serous pericardium), 4.parietal layer of the serous pericardium, 5.fibrous pericardium |
| What is the purpose of the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity? | The serous fluid decreases friction caused by movement of the layers against one another. |
| The internal partition that divides the heart is called the ____ ____ where it separates the atria, and the ____ ____ where it separates the ventricles? | Interatrial septum, Interventricular septum |
| The ____ sulcus, encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles like a crown? | Coronary sulcus |
| The ____ ____ sulcus, cradling the anterior interventricular artery, marks the anterior position of the septum separating the right and left ventricles. It continues as the ____ ____ sulcus, which provides a similar landmark on the heart's post. surface | Anterior interventricular sulcus; posterior interventricular sulcus |
| The ____ are protruding appendages of the right and left atria? | Auricles |
| The internal, anterior portion of the right atrium wall is ridged by bundles of muscle tissue called ____ muscles? | Pectinate muscles |
| The interatrial septum of the left atrium bears a shallow depression called the ____ ____? | Fossa Ovalis |
| The fossa ovalis marks the spot where an opening, the ____ ____ existed in the fetal heart? | Foramen Ovale |
| Functionally, the ____ are receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the circulation? | Atria |
| Blood enters the right atrium via what three veins? | 1.Superior vena cava, 2.Inferior vena cava, 3.Coronary sinus |
| The ____ ____ ____ returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm? | Superior vena cava |
| The ____ ____ ____ returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm? | Inferior vena cava |
| The ____ ____ collects blood draining from the myocardium? | Coronary Sinus |
| The ____ ____ receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation through four ____ ____ (2 from each lung)? | Left atrium; pulmonary veins |
| The (left/right) ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the ____ ____? | Right; pulmonary trunk |
| The pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left ____ ____ going to the right and left lung? | Pulmonary arteries |
| The internal walls of the ventricular chambers are irregular ridges of mucle called ____? | Trabeculae Carneae |
| The conelike ____ muscles, which play a role in valve function, project into the ventricular cavity? | Papillary muscles |
| The (left/right) ventricle pumpls blood into the ____ ____, which routes the blood to the lungs where gas exchange occurs / The (right/left) ventricle ejects blood into the ____, the largest artery in the body? | Right; pulmonary trunk / left; aorta |
| The blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs form the ____ circuit, which serves gas exchange? | Pulmonary |
| The blood vessels that carry the functional blood supply to and from all body tissues constitute the ____ circuit? | Systemic |
| The (left/right) side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit pump? | Right |
| The (left/right) side of the heart is the systemic circuit pump? | Left |
| The ascending aorta continues as the arch of aorta and then into the descending aorta, what are the three branches of the arch of aorta? | 1. Brachiocephalic trunk, 2.Left common carotid, 3. Left subclavian arteries |
| The atrium are separted by the ____ ____? | Interatrial Septum |
| The ventricles are sepated by the ____ ____? | Interventricular Septum |
| The ____ circulation is the functional blood supply of the heart, is the shortest circulation in the body? | Coronary |
| The arterial supply of coronary circulation is provided by the right and left ____ arteries? | Coronary |
| The left and right coronary arteries arise from the base of the (ascending/descending) ____? | Ascending Aorta |
| The left coronary artery divides into waht two branches? | Anterior interventricular/left anterior descending artery/LAD; circumflex artery |
| The left anterior descending artery (LAD) follows the ____ ____ sulcus? | Anterior interventricular |
| The left anterior descending artery (LAD) supplies blood to what two areas of the heart? | Interventricular septum; anterior walls of both ventricles |
| The ____ artery supplies blood to the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle? | Circumflex |
| The right coronary artery divides into what two branches? | Right marginal artery; posterior interventricular artery |
| The ____ ____ artery supplies the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart? | Right marginal |
| The ____ ____ artery supplies blood to the posterior ventricular walls? | Posterior interventricular |
| Near the apex the posterior interventricular artery merges with the anterior interventricular artery, this supplies blood to the (right/left) atrium and neary all of the (right/left) ventricle? | Right; right |
| What four veins come together to form the coronary sinus? | 1.Great cardiac vein, 2.middle cardiac vein, 3.small cardiac vein, 4.oblique vein |
| The coronary sinus delivers (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood to the ____ ____? | Deoxygenated; right atrium |
| What are the four heart valves? | 1.Tricuspid valve, 2.mitral valve, 3.aortic valve, 4.pulmonary valve |
| What is the function of heart valves? | Ensure blood flows through the heart in one direction |
| The heart valves open and close in response to ________________? | Differences in blood pressure |
| What are the two atrioventricular valves (AV)? | Tricuspid valve; Bicuspid (mitral) valve |
| What is the function of the AV valves? | Prevent back flow into the atria when the ventricles contract |
| What is the right AV valve? | Tricuspid valve |
| What is the left AV valve? | Bicuspid (mitral) valve |
| In regards to preventing blood backflow, what is the function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles? | Anchor the AV valve cusps |
| What are the two semilunar valves? | Aortic valve, Pulmonary valve |
| What is the location and function of the aortic valve? | Between left ventricle and aorta; prevent backflow into the the left ventricle as it relaxes. |
| What is the location and function of the pulmonary valve? | Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery; prevent backflow into the right ventricle as it relaxes. |
| What is an incompetent valve? | The valve does not close properly and blood backflows causing the heart to repump the same blood over and over again. |
| What is valvular stenosis? | The valves become stiff and constrict the opening. |
| Cardiac muscles are (long/short), striated (branched/unbranched) and interconnected at the ____ ____? | Short; branched; intercalated discs |
| What two things do intercalated discs contain? | Desmosomes, gap junctions |
| What is the function of desmosomes? | Prevent adjacent cells from separating during contraction. |
| What is the function of gap junctions? | Allow ions to pass from cell to cell. |
| The heart muscle behaves as a functional syncytium. What does this mean? | The heart muscle contracts as a unit. |
| What are the five pathway points of the cardiac intrinsic system? | 1. SA node 2.AV node 3.bundle of His 4.left and right bundle branches 5.Purkinje fibers |
| What are the two types of specialized cells of cardiac muscle cells that cause contraction? | Contractile cells; Autorhymic cells |
| (T/F) - Autorhymic cells consist of 99% of cardiac muscle cells? | False - Contractile cells |
| (T/F) - Autorhymic cells do the mechanical work of pumping? | False - Contractile cells |
| (T/F) - Contractile cells do not contract? | False - Autorhymic cells |
| (T/F) - Autorhymic cells generate action potentials which are impulses. The heart is not dependent on outside nerves to stimulate contraction? | True |
| In action potential; the inside of the cell membrane has a net negative charge compared to the outside which is called ____ ____ ____? | Resting membrane potential |
| In cardiac muscle the resting membrane potential is approx ___ mV? This is said to be (polarized/unpolarized)? | -90mV; polarized |
| As the charge becomes less negative inside the cell, even positive, this change is called ____? | Depolarization |
| (Depolarization/repolarization) causes heart contraction? | Depolarization |
| After depolarization when the cell goes back to the resting membrane potential which is called ____? | Repolarization |
| (Depolarization/repolarization) causes heart relaxation? | Repolarization |
| In cardiac muscle vs skeletol muscle, after depolarization there is a period called ____? | Plateau |
| (T/F) - Repolarization is caused by opening Na+ rushing channels? | False - Depolarization |
| During depolarization Na+ rushes (inside/outside) the cell? | Inside |
| During depolarization, slow calcium voltage gated channels open and slowly let Ca+ (into/out) of the cell, which prolongs depolarizatio, which prolongs depolarization, which is called ____? | Into; plateau |
| Repolarization is caused by opening K+ channels, and K+ moves (into/out) of the cell? | Out |
| (T/F) - The plateau causes the muscle contraction to last longer which provides the time needed to eject blood? | True |
| What are the five parts of the cardiac intrinsic system? | 1.Sinoatrial node (SA) node, 2.atrioventricular node (AV) node, 3.bundle of His, 4.right and left bundle branches, 5. perkinje fibers |
| What part is considered the "pace maker" of the heart? | Sinoatrial node (SA) node |
| The sinoatrial node (SA) node drives the heart at ___ bpm? | 75 bpm |
| The atrioventricular (AV) node beats at ___ bpm? | 50 bpm |
| At the ____ node, the impulse is delayed for approx 0.1s? | Atrioventricular (AV) node |
| What is the purpose of the impulse delay at the AV node? | Allow the atria to respond and complete their contraction before the ventricles contract. |
| Which part of the intrinsic system is the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles? | Bundle of His |
| What is the pace at the right & left bundle branches and perkinje fibers? | 30 bpm |
| What is the total time between initation of an impulse by the SA node and depolarization of the last ventricular muscle cells in a healthy heart? | 0.22s (220ms) |
| Why is the Purkinje network more elaborate on the left than the right? | The left ventricle is much larger than the right |
| The heart is stimulated by the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) center in the medulla? | Sympathetic |
| The heart is inhibited by the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) center in the medulla? | Parasympathetic |
| The parasympathetic center is controlled by the ____ nerve? | Vagus |
| Electrical activity is recorded by ____ (____)? | Electrocardiogram (ECG) |
| The ____ wave corresponds to atrial depolarization - is followed by atrial contaction? | P wave |
| The QRS complex corresponds to ____depolarization - is followed by (atrial/ventricular) (contraction/relaxation)? | Ventricular; ventricular; contraction |
| The ____ wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization - is followed by ventricular relaxation? | T wave |
| Atrial repolarization record is masked by the ____ ____? | QRS complex |
| The PR interval spans from: Beginning of (atrial/ventricular) depolarization to beginning of (atrial/ventricular) depolarization? | atrial; ventricular |
| (Normal/abnormal) heart sounds are heard as lub-dup? | Normal |
| The (first/second) heart sound is the closure of AV valves? | First |
| The (first/second) heart sound is the closure of SL valves? | Second |
| ____ are abnormal heart sounds caused by flow of blood through incompetent & stenotic valves? | Murmurs |
| The ____ ____ includes all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heart beat? | Cardiac cycle |
| The cardiac cycle includes what two parts? | Systole, diastole |
| ____ is the contraction of heart muscle? | Systole |
| ____ is the relaxation of heart muscle? | Diastole |
| During ventricular filling - mid to late diastole - AV valves are (open/closed), SL valves are (open/closed) pressure in heart is (high/low)? | Open; closed; low |
| During ventricular filling - Phase I - mid to late diastole - blood returning to atria is flowing into ventricles, this is where (80/20)% of filling occurs? | 80% |
| During cardiac cycle Phase I - chambers in systole ____, chambers in diastole ____, valves open ____, valves closed ____, chamber filling with blood ____? | Atria; ventricles; AV; semilunar; ventricles |
| During the cardiac cycle - Phases II - chambers in systole ____, chambers in diastole ____, valves open ____, valves closed ____, chambers filling with blood ____? | Ventricles; atria; semilunar; AV; atria |
| During cardiac cycle - Phase III - chamber in systole ____, chambers in diastole ____, valves open ____, valves closed ____, chambers filling with blood ____? | None; Atria and ventricles; AV; semilunar; atria and ventricles |
| During cardiac cycle - Phase III - there is a phase called the ____ ____ phase where for a split second the ventricles are completely closed chambers and the blood volume in the chambers remain constant? | Isovolumetric Contraction Phase |
| During cardiac cycle phase II, there is a phases called the ____ ____ phase where the pressure in the ventricles rises to a hight pressure than the large arteries, this forces the semilunar valves to open and blood is expelled into the large arteries? | Ventricular Ejection Phases |
| During what cardiac cycle phase are all four valves closed for a split second? | Phases III |
| The ____ ____ is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute? | Cardiac Output - CO |
| The ____ ____ is the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat? | Stroke Volume - SV |
| How is the cardiac output (CO) found (equation)? | CO=HR x SV |
| (T/F) - Stroke volume (SV) is usually correlated with the force of ventricular contraction? | True |
| How much is the normal adult blood volume? | Approx 5L |
| (T/F) - The entire blood suply passes through each side of the heart once each minute? | True |
| ____ ____ is the difference between resting and maximal CO? | Cardiac Reserve |
| ____ ____ volume - The amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole? | End Diastolic Volume (EDV) |
| ____ ____ volume - The volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after it has contracted? | End Systolic Volume (ESV) |
| What is the formula to find stroke volume (SV)? | SV=EDV-ESV |
| The following factors have an affect on ____ ____: preload, contractility, afterload? | Stroke Volume (SV) |
| ____ - The degree of stretch of ventricles by contained blood before the contract? | Preload |
| ____ - ____ Law of the Heart states that hte more the muscle cells are stretched before contraction (within limits) the more their force of contraction? | Frank-Starling |
| The most important factor stretching cardiac muscle is the amount of blood returning to the heart and distending its ventricles, is called ____ ____? | Venous Return |
| (T/F) - Venous return determines the stroke volume (SV)? | False - End Diastole Volume -EDV |
| ____ - The pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood? | Afterload |
| ____ is essentialy the back pressure exerted on the aortic and pulmonary valves by arterial blood? | Afterload |
| ___mmHg is the normal afterload pressure in the aorta? | 80mmHg |
| ___ mmHg is the normal afterload pressure in the pulmonary trunk? | 8mmHg |
| Afterload (increases/decreases) in hypertension? | Increases |
| ____ - The force of contraction? | Contractility |
| ____ ____ agents - Increase contractility? | Positive Ionotropic Agents |
| ____ ____ agents - Decrease contractility? | Negative Ionotropic Agents |
| What are four positive ionotropic agents? | 1.Increased sympathetic stimuli 2.Thyroxin 3.Digitalis 4.Ca++ |
| What is one type of negative ionotropic agent? | Calcium Channel Blockers |
| ____ ____ ____ (___) - When CO is so low that circulation is inadequate to meet the need of the tissues? | Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) |
| The following are causes of ____ ____ ____ (___) - Coronary arthrosclerosis, persistant high blood pressure, multiple myocardial infarcts? | Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) |
| (Left/right) ventricular failure results in pulmonary congestion? | Left |
| (Left/right) ventricular failure results in peripheral congestion? | Right |
| ____ - HR more than 100 bpm? | Tachycardia |
| ____ - HR less than 60 bpm? | Bradycardia |
Created by:
kmking
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