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Test 2 - Blood
142 test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the formed elements initiate blood clotting? | Platelets |
| What is the averaqe hemoglobin content for an adult female? | 12-16 g/dl |
| Plasma levels of cholesterol should be kept below what value (include units) - give the newer value? | 180 mg/dl |
| Atype of leukemia in which no proper antibodies are formed so the patient is immunosuppression allowing opportunistic and autoimmune diseases to gain a foothold? | Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia |
| Which of the formed elements initiate blood clotting? | Platelets |
| Which of the formed elements comprise a major component of the immune system? | Leukocytes |
| A posterior nural tube closure defect in which the dura mater, as well as the spinal cord, are forced out of their normal position resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby's spine? | Myelomeningocele |
| What is the averaqe hemoglobin content for an adult female? | 12-16 g/dl |
| What percent of the General U.S. population has type O blood? | 48% |
| Plasma levels of cholesterol should be kept below what value (include units) - give the newer value? | 180 mg/dl |
| For Erthroblastosis Fetalis, is the mother Rh postive or negative? | Negative |
| Atype of leukemia in which no proper antibodies are formed so the patient is immunosuppression allowing opportunistic and autoimmune diseases to gain a foothold? | Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia |
| Which of the formed elements transport oxygen? | Erythrocytes |
| The inablility to synthesize blood cells in bone marrow is a condition known as? | Aplastic Anemia |
| A type of leukemia seen most often in adults? | Chronic Myelogenic |
| Which of the formed elements comprise a major component of the immune system? | Leukocytes |
| A posterior nural tube closure defect in which the dura mater, as well as the spinal cord, are forced out of their normal position resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby's spine? | Myelomeningocele |
| What percent of the General U.S. population has type O blood? | 48% |
| For Erthroblastosis Fetalis, is the mother Rh postive or negative? | Negative |
| Which of the formed elements transport oxygen? | Erythrocytes |
| Long term athletic training in high altitudes results in elevated levels of erythropoietin, a process known as natural? | Blood Doping |
| A type of leukemia seen most often in adults? | Chronic Myelogenic |
| A type of leukemia that is derived from the cells giving rise to neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils is? | Myelogenic |
| What values represent the range for isotonic conditions when looking at all the solutes in plasma combined? | 280-296 mOSM |
| Which of the leukocytes releases histamine? | Basophils |
| The elevation of which protein in maternal plasma may indicate a neural tube defect? | Alpha Fetal Protein |
| What is the scientfic name for white blood cells? | Leukocyte |
| What does the mother's immune system make which attacks the second baby in Erythrobastosis Fetalis? | Antibodies |
| A condition of SCA in which the paient suffers extreme and widespread pain, often referred to several areas of the body? | Pain Crisis |
| Specialized proteins produced by white blood cells that mark pathogens for destruction by immune system? | Antibodies |
| Which proteins makes up 4% of the plasma proteins? | Fibrinogen |
| These cancers are neoplasm of Plasma cells, with tumors usually seen in bone? | Myelomas |
| Which of the following is critical in the production of DNA in red blood cells and is found in plants such as greens? | Folate |
| A type of leukemia that is derived from the cells giving rise to neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils is? | Myelogenic |
| What values represent the range for isotonic conditions when looking at all the solutes in plasma combined? | 280-296 mOSM |
| The elevation of which protein in maternal plasma may indicate a neural tube defect? | Alpha Fetal Protein |
| What does the mother's immune system make which attacks the second baby in Erythrobastosis Fetalis? | Antibodies |
| Which of the posterior NTD's usually has the POOREST prognosis? | Myelomeningocele |
| These proteins may "spill" out of dead cells and therefore provide a iagnostic tool for some diseases's? | Enzymes |
| A condtion in which the arteries become clogged by plaque? | Atherosclerosis |
| An overwhelming majoity of proteins found in the plasma are made by which organ? | Liver |
| What is the process by which red blood cells are produced? | Erythropoiesis |
| What organ produces the overwhelming majority of the plasma's protein? | Liver |
| What percent of the adult U.S. population suffers from iron deficency anemia? | 10-30% |
| What happens to bile? | Excreted |
| A diesease marked by too much iron stored as ferritin? | Hemosiderosis |
| Which compund, used clinically, blocks the effect of vitamin K to prevent blood clot formation? | Warfarin |
| 0.9% is said to be "--------" for plasma NaCl? | Isotonic |
| Of all the NTD's (posterior and anterior), which has the poorest prognosis? | Anencephaly |
| Toxic compounds produced as a result of breaking down the amino acids from various proteins & nucleic acids? | Nitrogenous Wastes |
| Which of the white blood cells is best described as having a dark purple, round nucleus and often a small crescent of visible cytoplasm? | Lymphocytes |
| What is the average hemoglobin content for an adult male? | 13-18 g/dl |
| Which organ converts Fe+++ into Fe++? | Stomach |
| Maternal dietary reduction in this compund is associated with NTD's? | Folate or Follic Acid |
| The scientific name for the process by which the leakage of blood is stopped? | Hemostasis |
| For patients that have NOT been diagnosed as "high risk", plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins should be kept below what value (include units)? | 100 mg/dl |
| A person with type "AB" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood? | None |
| A general reduction in WBC's will lead to a patient that is? | Immunosuppressed |
| Intracellular proteins that stores iron in a safe form? | Ferritin & Hemosiderin |
| A posterior neural tube closure defect in which the duramater (not the spinal cord) is forced out of its normal postition often resulting in a very large, fluid-filled sac on the baby's spine? | Meningocele |
| What hormone is the primary inducer of the production of red blood cells? | Erythropoietin |
| A measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a liquid is? | Osmolarity |
| Which compund is activated by Thrombin? | Fibrinogen |
| Which of the White blood cells is slightly larger than a Red blood cell? | Lymphocytes |
| Until what age does hemopoiesis continue in all bones? | 5 years old |
| Which protein makes up 36% of the plasma proteins? | Globulins |
| What percent of the GENERAL U.S. population has type B blood? | 16% |
| Which proteins make up 60% of the plasma proteins? | Albumins |
| What organ is the primary remover of dead and dying red blood cells? | Spleen |
| Under what conditions would your body make more erythropoietin? | Low oxygen |
| A term reflects a condition contracted in hospital e.g. patient picks up staphlococcal pneumonia? | Nosocomial |
| Which cells produce antibodies? | Plasma Cells |
| What is the rage for total blood volume for a typical male? | 5-6L |
| Reduced levels of platelets is called? | Thrombocytopenia |
| What value represents isotonic conditions for NaCl? | 0.9% |
| After clotting, the fluid portion of blood is known as? | Serum |
| A combination of protein and lipid that is associated with coronary artery disease? | Low-Density Lipoproteins |
| What compund does the liver convert chloesterol into, which is eventually eliminated with the feces? | Bile |
| Water always diffuses towards a "-------" solution? | Hypertonic |
| Cations and anions such as Na+ and Cl- found in the [lasma are known as? | Electrolytes |
| Approximately how many red blood cells are found in human males? | 5.1 - 5.8 million/ul |
| Which compound carries cholesterol to the cells? | Low-Density Lipoproteins |
| According to your book, what are the normal plasma glucose levels? | 70-110 mg/dl |
| When does the neural tube begin and end closing? | Days 9 - 27 of gestation |
| The process by which WBC's are attracted to locations by following the "scent' of various chemicals used to attract the? | Chemotaxis |
| Which of the leukocytes are commonly increased in number in response to allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections? | Eosinophils |
| Approximately how many red blood cells are found in human females? | 4.3 - 5.2 million/ul |
| Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC? | 280 million |
| A combination of protein and lipid that is associated with arteriosclerosis? | Low-Density Lipoproteins |
| The process by which the WBC's leave the blood vessels into the interstitium? | Diapedesis |
| A term that describes hemoglobin without oxygen? | Deoxyhemoglobin |
| Name the hormone that regulates the formation of he platelets? | Thrombopoietin |
| In what form is glicose stored in tissues? | Glycogen |
| What is the life span of an average red blood cell? | 120 days |
| A type of leukemia seen most often in pediatric cases? | Acute Lymphoblastic |
| Two other names for anti bodies? | Gammaglobulins or Immunoglobulins |
| The by-product from bile breakdown? | Urobilinogen |
| What compound keeps platelets coming to a damaged site of a blood vessel? | Thromboxane A2 |
| What percentage of the white blood cells are represented by neutrophils? | 50-70 |
| What organ breaks bilirubin into bile? | Liver |
| A term that means to mae better? | Ameliorate |
| At what age are the blood cell synthesized in the yolk sac? | 7 weeks |
| When collagen is exposed to blood, what compound helps the platelets aggregate? | von Willenbrand Factor or VWF |
| What organ releases glucose to the blood to elevate plasma glucose levels? | Liver |
| Which compund becomes thrombin? | Prothrombin |
| Other than the liver, where else is glucose stored in relatively large amounts? | Muscles |
| A term that describes hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen? | Oxyhemoglobin |
| Plasma levels of triglycerides should be kept below what value (include units)? | 150 mg/dl |
| Yellow coloring of skin & whites of eyes due to build-up of bilirubin due to liver disease? | Jaundice |
| For patients that have been diagnosed as "high risk", plasma levels of low-density lipoproteins shoulod be kept below what value (include units)? | 70 mg/dl |
| Plasma levels of phospholipids should be kept below what value (include units)? | 6-12 mg/dl |
| A person with type "B" blood has which type of antigens on their RBC's cell membrane? | B |
| How many platelets are there? | 150000-400000/ul |
| Similar to SCA this condition affects people from area such as China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos? | Alpha Thalassemia |
| Whic vitamin is required for blood clot formation? | Viatmin K |
| Lack of intrinsic factor results in which disease? | Pernicious Anemia |
| A measure of the contribution to toal osmolarity of the blood that is made by over 2000 plasma PROTEINS? | Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
| How many white blood cells re there in an average human? | 4000-11000 per ul |
| What percentage of the white blood cells are represented by lmphocytes? | 25% |
| What is the average diameter of a red blood cell? | 7.5 ul |
| What percentage of the white blood cells are represented by eosinophils? | 2-4% |
| 5.0% is said to be "-------" for plasma glucose? | Isotonic |
| Also known as "kissing disease", this virus causes enlarged atypical lymphocytes, extreme fatigue, lethargy, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands? | Mononucleosis |
| Yellowish pigment mde & released when hemoglobin is degraded by macrophoges? | Bilirbin |
| At what age are blood cells produced within the liver spleen and lymph nodes? | between 2nd - 3rd trimester |
| What is a major function of platelets? | Blood Clotting |
| Another name for erythroblastosis Fetalis is? | Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn |
| The method of locomotion used by WBC's to move within the interstitium? | Amoeboid Movement |
| Which of the compound is critical in the production of DNA in red | Vitamin B12 |
| A condition in whihc fluid accumulates in the abdomial cavity causing it to distend significantly? | Ascites |
| What are the primary locations where lymphocytes are made in the adult? | Spleen and Lymphatic tissues |
| Where is the hormone that is the primary inducer of the production of red blood cells produced? | Kidneys and Liver |
| What condition is diagnosed by a maternal deficiency in folate 9or folic acid)? | Neural Tube Defects |
| A term that describes red blood cells as being without a nuclues? | Anucleated |
| A person with type "B" blood is born with which type of atibodies traveling in their blood? | Anti A |
| Which of the following is the primary cause for jaundice? | Liver Disease |
| Which of the posterior NTD's usually has the BEST prognosis? | Spina Bifida Occulta |
| Which are the most abundant proteins found in plasma? | Albumins |
| Neoplasm of leukocytes? | Leukemia |
| In liver disease does the plasma become "hypotonic" or "hypertonic" compared to the interstitium? | Hypotonic |
| What fraction of the African -americn infants are born with SCA? | 1/625 |
| How much of the body's cholesterol is made by the liver? | 85% |
| Which of the white blood cells give rise to the macrophages? | Monocytes |
| Acondition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause liver damage, diabetes mellitus , skin pigmentation? | Hemochromatosis |
| Which protein is the primary extracellular carrier of iron and transfers it to the cell? | Transferrin |
| Prior to clotting, the fluid, extracellular portion of blood is known as? | Plasma |
| Which compound allows the intestines to absorb vitamin B12? | Intrinsic factor |
| What procedure/test determines the percent of packed red blood cells for a patient? | Hematocrit |
| Maternal dietary deficiencies in which of the following indicates an increased risk of neural tube defects? | Folate |
| What percent of plasma proteins is made up by the globulins? | 36 |
| When looking at all solute particles for plasma/blood, 280-296 mOSM is said to be? | Isotonic |
| These are cancers of the lymphoid tissues such as thymus (children), lymph nodes, and symptons include enlarged, painless masses, fever, weight loss? | Lymphomas |
| What is the first structure to produce blood cells? | Yolk Sac |
| What is bilirubin broken-down into by the liver? | Bile |
| A person with type "A" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood? | Anti B |
| Long fibrous strands which glue platelets together to form blood clots? | Fibrin |
| What is a term that describes a white blood cell as having a multilobular nucleus? | Polymorphonuclear |
| Atype of Lymphoblastic Leukemia especially seen in adults? | Chronic Lymphoblastic |
| Episodes of hypoxic injury (Ischemia) and infarction/necrosis are symptoms of? | Sickle Cell Anemia |
| What is the range for total blood volume for a typical female? | 4-5L |
| The universal donar is? | O Negative |
| For Erythroblastosis Fetalis, is the first baby always at significant risk? | No |
| Atype of leukemia that is derived from the cells giving rise to the Lymphocytes? | Lymohoblastic |
| Organelles found in various cells such as Neutrophils which are the cells "digestive" system? | Lysosomes |
| A type of leukemia that involves B cells which fail to mature to Plasma cells? | Chronic lymphoblastic |
| When the leakage of blood is stopped, the vasocontriction of blood vessels following damage is known as? | Vascular spasms |
| A person with type "A" blood has which type of antigens on their RBC's cell membrane? | A |
| Which compound causes fibrinogen to combine with a fibrin mesh? | Thrombin |
| Similar to SCA this condition affects people from areas suchas Greece, Italy, and the southern Mediterranean area? | Beta Thalassemia |
| Which of the white blood cells is best described as having abundant cytoplasm and multilobular (often two-lobed) nucleus and red or pink granules (freckles)? | Eosinophils |
| Above what level is it said that HDL's are protective against heart disease? | 60 mg/dl |
| Ableeding disorder caused by a mutation in the gee for clotting factor VIII? | Hempophilia A |
| A type of leukemia often caused by high doses of chemotherapy? | Acte Myelogenic |
| The production of formed elements (blood cells & platelets)? | Hemopoiesis |
| Which virus causes mononucleosis? | Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) |
| Other than the muscles, where else is glucose stored in relatively large amounts? | Liver |
| Liver disease may be marked by an "increase" or "decrease" of plasma osmolarity? | Decrease |
| A term that describes hemoglobin that is carrying carbon dioxide? | Carbaminohemoglobin |
| What is another name for the platelets? | Thrombocytes |
| Liver disease may be marked by a significant reduction in plasma proteins. Will cause water to move "in" or "out" of the blood vessels? | Out |
| What compound changes prothrombin into thrombin? | Prothrobin Activator |
| A combination of protein and lipid that is associated with atherosclerosis? | Low-Density Lipoproteins |
| The "+" or "-" for blood types comes from yet another RBC cell membrane glycoprotein known as? | Rh or Rheus Group |
| Which of the leukocytes typcally releases compounds that cause allergic reactions? | Basophils |
| What percentage of the white blood cells are represented by moocytes? | 3-8% |
| The presence of a drumstick in the nucleus of a cell normally indicates what about the cell? | It came from a female |
| A person with type "AB" blood has which type of antigens on their RBC's cellmembrane? | AB |
| After the age 20 where are the primary locations for the production of red blood cells? | Membranous bones |
| People who DO NOT have the Rh factor on the cell membranes of their RBC's are said to be Rh "--"? | Negative |
| A term that reflects a condition caused by a clinician e.g. doctor leaves forcepts in abdomen, etc.? | Latrogenic |
| Whic compound, used clinically, blocks thrombin and clotting factor Xa? | Haparin |
| Damage to which organ results in diabetes mellitus in hemochromatosis? | Pancreas |
| This dangerous condition in the fetus is indicated by an increase inalpha Fetal Protein? | Neural tube closure Defects (NTD) |
| Which represent the second sites (more than one) for the production of red blood cells? | Spleen, Liver, Lymphatic tissues |
| What is the normal hematocrit value for an adult male? | 47% |
| What is a condition characterized by a mutated form of hemoglobin which may result in abnormally shaped red blood cells which clog certain blood vessels? | Sickle Cell Anemia |
| Acondition in which the walls of the arteries "harden" or lose their elasticity? | Ateriosclerosis |
| A plasma protein that is an important factor in blood clotting? | Fibrinogen |
| Dietary iron exists as Fe++ and Fe+++, but whichis the only form that can be absorbed? | Fe++ |
| Which of the following best describes the normal range for plasma levels of high density lipoproteins? | 30-80 mg/dl |
| Areduction of all blood cells is called? | Pancytopenia |
| Which of the leukocytes releases heparin? | Basophils |
| A solution with a HIGH concentration of solute compared to another sloution (on the other side of a membrane fro example)? | Hypertonic |
| When a blood vessel is damaged (cut), which compound is exposed to the blood, thereby initiating clot formation? | Collagen |
| 0.9% is said to be isotonic for "------"? | NaCl |
| A solution with a LOW concentration of solute compared to another sloution (on the other side of a membrane for example)? | Hypotonic |
| Which of the leukocytes is described as the body's primary phagocyte and inflammatory cell? | Neutrophils |
| Another name for Iron Overload disease or Bronze Diabetes which causes permanent damage is? | Hemochromatosis |
| An anterior neural tube closure defect in which the forebrain fails to develop resulting in a very large defect in the skull and the absence most or all of the cerebral cortex? | Anencephaly |
| What percent o the GENERAL U.S. population has type AB blood? | 4% |
| The general classes of globulins which transport lipids, metal ions, and the fat-soluble vitamins? | Alpha and Beta |
| Organelles found i neutrophils which function as the body's "detoxifyers"? | Peroxysomes |
| A term that means to make worse? | Exacerbate |
| According to our notes, a value of 280 -296 mOSM is isotonic for which compounds? | All plasma solutes |
| The cellular components of the blood are collectively known as? | Formed Elements |
| A life-threatening codition due to SCA in which small blood vessels clogg? | Vaso-occlusive Crisis |
| A condition characterized by the rupturing or hemolysis of RBC's is? | Hemolytic Anemia |
| What percent of plasma proteins is made up by the albumins? | 60 |
| A condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause pancreatic fibrosis, heart failure, and carcinoma of the liver? | Hemochromatosis |
| Pigment fro urobilinogen break downthat gives feces a brown color? | Stercobilin |
| You are born with "------"'s that attack the blood types you do not have? | Antibodies |
| Where is instrinsic factor produced? | Stomach |
| A condition of abnormally high iron levels which may cause hemorrhage, infarcts and congestion of various organs, however, little damage that is permanent? | Hemosiderosis |
| By what age does hemopoiesis occur in only the membranous (flat) bnes such as ilium, sternum, vertebrae, and ribs? | 20 years old |
| An elevated WBC's is known as? | Leukocytosis |
| A person with type "O" blood has which type of antigens on their RBC's cell membrane? | None |
| For Erythroblastosis Fetalis, is the father Rh postive or negative? | Positive |
| Which compound, used clinically, blocks the production of Thromboxane A2? | Aspirin |
| The inability to form blood clots may reflect a general loss of which of the formed element? | Platelets |
| Which proteins are the most abundant regulators of Plasma's COP & viscosity? | Albumins |
| What value represents isotonic conditions for glucose? | 5.0% |
| Compounds that activate & are attacked by the immune sytem? | Antegens |
| How much of the body's cholesterol is obtained from diet? | 15% |
| A condition of greatly swollen lymph nodes especially seen in the neck is? | Lymphadenopathy |
| Of the aproximately 146 amino acids found in hemoglobin beta, which one is incorrect for sickle cell anemia? | sixth |
| The manner in which LDL's get lipids inside of cells is? | Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
| 5.0% is said to be isotonic for "----"? | Glucose |
| Which compund removes cholesterol from the cels and takes it to the liver to be processed? | High-Density Lipoproteins |
| An abnormal oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is known as? | Anemia |
| The diffusion of water always proceeds from "---" to "---" solute? | Low to High |
| Which are the most abundant white blood cells? | Neutrophils |
| What percent of the GENERAL U.S. population has type A blood? | 32% |
| What is a term that describes a white blood cell as having a smooth round nucleus? | Mononuclear |
| What is the normal hematocrit value for an adult female? | 42% |
| The following triad of symptoms indicate which diease: 1. Weakness 2. sore tongue 3. numb/tingling extremities | Pernicious Anemia |
| Any decreases in quality of RBC's or hemoglobin is known as? | Anemia |
| Deficiency in this is indicated in 10-30% adults and result in hemorrhage? | Iron deficiency Anemia |
| A condition in which there are EQUAL concentrations of solute on both sides of a membrane? | Isotonic |
| The diffusion of water always proceeds from "---' to "---" water? | High to Low |
| Give the normal range for blood's pH? | 7.35-7.45 |
| Dietary deficiency of Vitamin B12 results in which disease? | Pernicius Anemia |
| Which of the white blood cells is described as having abundant cytoplasm, sometimes horseshoe shaped nucleus, and a nucleus that stains just a little lighter than the nuclei of the other WBC's? | Monocytes |
| A term that means "of unknown origins"? | Idiopathic |
| From what cell are platelets derived? | Megakaryocytes |
| What percentage of the white blood cells are represented by basophils? | 0.5-1% |
| A posterior neural tube closure defect that may cause minimal damage and may be indicated by a tuft of hair growing on the lower lumbar/sacral skin over the spinal cord? | Spina Bifida Occulta |
| Reduction in RBC's will lead to which disorder reflecting a loss of hemoglobin? | Anemia |
| Which organs are the primary removers of urea from the body? | Kidneys |
| A reduction in the levels of WBC's is known as? | Leukocytopenia |
| Another name for Hemolytic Disease o the Newborn is? | Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
| For Erythroblastosis Fetalis, is the fetus Rh postive or negative? | Positive |
| What is he scientific name for red blood cells? | Erythrocyte |
| A person with type "O" blood is born with which type of antibodies traveling in their blood? | Anti A and Anti B |
| Which toxic compound is the body' major nitrogenous waste? | Urea |
| How much of our body weight does blood make up? | 8% |
| People who have the Rh factor on the cell membranes of their RBC's are said to be Rh "---"? | Positive |
| Atype of mutation in which only 1 base on the entire gene is incorrect? | Point Mutation |
| Blood typing is based on the type of organic molecule attached to cell membrane proteins of RBC's? | Carbohydrate |
| The distended abdomens noted in starving hildren indicate the dysfunction of which organ? | Liver |
| A non-functional condensed X chromosome sometimes found in certain white blood cells? | Drumstick |
| Which of he white blood celkls is best described as having abundant cytoplasm and a multilobular nucleus, and dark blue/purple granules or freckles? | Basophils |
| What percent of plasma proteins is made up by fibrinogen? | 4 |
| Which of the white blood cells is best described as having abundant, clear cytoplasm and a mutlilobular nucleus (no granules or freckles)? | Neutrophils |
| What compound prevents platelets from adhering to the undamaged endothelium of a blood vessel? | Prostacyclin |
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