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Biology-Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atom- | the basic unit of matter |
| a pure substance that consists of only one type of atom | element |
| Compound- | a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions |
| chemical formula- | a shorthand that shows the composition of compounds |
| what are the atoms in compounds held together with? | chemical bonds |
| What is located in the nucleus of an atom? | protons and neutrons |
| What are the main types of bonds? | ionic(transferring of atoms) and covalent(sharing of atoms) |
| What are two qualities of a water molecule? | neutral and polar |
| What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? | both are an attraction between molecules, but cohesion is an attraction of the same substance, and adhesion is an attraction between different substances |
| A material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not combined | mixture |
| What are the two types of mixtures that can be made with water? | solutions(evenly distributed throughout the solution) and suspensions(mixtures of water and nondissolved materials) |
| Solute- | substance dissolved in a mixture |
| Solvent | substance in which a solute dissolves in a mixture |
| PH Scale | a measurement system to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in a solutio |
| The PH Scale ranges from __ to __. | 0-14 |
| At what level on the PH Scale is the concentration of ions equal? | 7 |
| anything above 7 on a PH Scale is... | Basic |
| What does a base produce in a solution? | hydroxide ions |
| What does an acid produce in a solution? | H+ ions |
| Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp or sudden changes in PH | Buffers |
| Organic Chemistry- | study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms |
| How many valence electrons do carbon atoms have? | 4 valence electrons |
| What is formed by polymerization? | macromolecules |
| What joins together to form polymers? | monomers |
| what are the 4 groups of organic compounds in living things? | carbohydrates; lipids; nucleic acids; and protiens |
| Carbohydrates- | made up of carbon and hydrogen and oxygen and is the main source of energy |
| Lipids- | fats, oils, and waxes; used to store energy; made up of carbon and hydrogen |
| Nucleic Acids- | contains hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus, oxygen, and nitrogen; used to store and transmit genetic info |
| WHat do nucleotides consist of? | 5-carbon sugar; phosphate group; nitrogenous base |
| 2 types of nucleic acid- | ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Polymers of molecules- | amino acids |
| Proteins are made up of | hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| Protiens are used to: | form bones and muscles; transport substances to help fight disease |
| a process that changes one set of chemicals to another | chemical reaction |
| activation energy- | energy needed to get a reaction started |
| a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction | catalysts |
| proteins that act as biological catalysts and speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells | enzymes |
| substrates- | the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
| enzymes- | can be affected by any variable that influences a chemical reaction and can be affected by changes in temperature |
| enzymes play essential roles in: | regulating chemical pathways; making materials that cells need; releasing energy; transferring information |
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