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FHS CH3 SG
Study Guide Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How can you identify an organic compound? | made up of chains of carbons (and hydrogens) |
| What are the 6 common elements in organic compounds? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur |
| What is the most important inorganic compound in living systems? | water |
| Why is water considered a polar compound? | It has a positive and negative end. |
| Which end is positive in a water molecule? | Hydrogen side |
| Accounts for surface tension and water molecules being attracted to one another. | cohesion |
| Attraction of different particles. | adhesion |
| Combination of cohesion and adhesion. Allows water to flow 'uphill' in narrow passages. | Capillary action. |
| H-H, O=O | Single covalent bond, double covalent bond. |
| What is the strongest type of covalent bond? | Triple bond. |
| name for simple sugars | monosaccharides |
| examples of simple sugars | glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), galactose, xylose and ribose |
| Why is glucose so important? | primary source of energy, broken down to give cell ATP energy |
| Sugars have names that end in: | -ose |
| By what process can monosaccharides (simple sugar) be combined to produce disaccharides (double sugar)? | dehydration synthesis (water removed) |
| What is the by-product of dehydration synthesis? | water |
| long chains of repeating sub-units called monomers | polymers |
| Which of the biomolecules are polymers | DNA, RNA, Polypeptide |
| Which polysaccharide is used by animals and humans to store excess glucose? | glycogen |
| Where is glycogen stored? | liver |
| Which polysaccharide is found in large amounts in plants? | starch |
| What is the purpose of starch in plants? | energy for cell energy, growth, maintaining |
| Where is the polysaccharide chitin found? | exoskeletons |
| What is the relationship between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? | They are the opposite - dehydra -> remove water -- hydrolysis ->add water |
| What body process is a process of hydrolysis? | digestion - break down of nutrients into smaller components |
| What are lipid? | Fats, Oils, and Waxes |
| How are lipid identified in the lab? | Leaving a translucent spot on brown paper |
| How are lipids identified by structure? | greater than 2:1 ration in H:O |
| What is the function of lipids? | Long term energy reserve, membrane development, component to hormones and vitamins |
| Compare fats and oils. | Fats are solid at room temp and from animal. Oils are liquid at room temp and from plants. |
| How are lipids formed? | dehydration synthesis between glycerol and three fatty acids |
| What is a carboxyl group? | O-C-OH |
| What is released when a molecule of fat is made? | water - 3:1 |
| Compare saturated and unsaturated fats. | sat - all single bonds, solid at room temp, straight chain -- unsat, double bonds, liquid at room temp, not straight chain |
| what is made from the artificial hydrogenation of oil? | transfat |
| What is cholesterol? | Type of fat. Can cause heart disease. |
| What are the building blocks or monomers or nucleic acids? | 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base. Nitrogen base = guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T) or uracil (U) |
| What are the major differences in DNA/RNA? | DNA - double helix, directs and controls cell activity, heredity code. RNA - single strand, carried DNA, Ribose is the sugar, uses Uracil instead of Thymine |
| What are the five nitrogen bases? | guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T) or uracil (U) |
| Which of the nitrogen bases is only found in RNA? | Uracil |
| Structure of a DNA molecule = | double helix, 2 long chains of nucleotides |
| Functions of proteins = | provide strength and support, allows molecules to enter and leave cells, carries oxygen to cells, communication |
| What are the building blocks of proteins? | amino acids, C, H, O, N, (P +/ S) |
| Amino acids end in: | -ine |
| What bonds two amino acids together to make a dipeptide? | dehydration synthesis |
| What was the first protein to be sequenced? | insulin |
| What are enzymes? | organic catalysts that speed up and bring about chemical reactions |
| What are enzymes made of? | amino acids |
| What do enzymes 'act' on? | substrate |
| Enzymes generally end in | -ase |
| What are the 2 proposed models of enzyme action? | Lock and Key - rigid shape and one fit. Induced Fit - active site is somewhat flexible. |
| What factors can denature proteins thus inactivating enzymes? | temperature, pH, concentration, availability of coenzymes |
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