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Bio Unit 2
Bio-Chemistry Unit
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are chemical bonds? | Attractions between atoms or molecules |
| What are covalent bonds? | Sharing electrons, not stealing |
| What are the two types of covalent bonds? | Polar and nonpolar |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | The unequal sharing of atoms or molecules |
| What is a nonpolar covalent bond? | The equal sharing of atoms or molecules |
| Explain the "Octet Rule"...? | Every atom will always want a complete set of EIGHT electrons |
| What is electronegativity? | Measure of how much an atom wants electrons, atoms with seven electrons want it most |
| What is an example of high electronegativity? | Flourine |
| What is an example of low electronegativity? | Cesium |
| What type of bond is water? | Polar covalent |
| What type of bond is salt? | Ionic |
| How are atoms and elements related? | An element is a group of the same type of atoms |
| How do compounds differ from elements? | A compound consists of bonded elements |
| What is an ion? | An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons |
| Why does an ion have an electrical cahrge? | Because the charge gives them certain properties |
| What is an element? | One particular type of atom that cannot be broken down, composed of ONE atom |
| What is a compound? | A substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio, composed of different types of atoms |
| What is a molecule? | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| What is an atom? | Smallest basic unit of matter |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom, often oxygen or nitrogen |
| Whats the pattern of electronegativeity within the periodic table? | As you move to te right, the higher the electronegativity |
| Positive Ion? | Cation |
| Negative Ion? | Anion |
| What kind of energy bond is stronger? | Covalent |
| Valence electrons? | Outermost electrons, last shell |
| What is the type of bond between O2 and H within a water molecule? | Polar Covalent |
| Type of bond between O2 and H on different water molecules? | hydrogen bonds |
| What five properties does water have? | High specific heat, solvent, cohesion, capillary action, ice floats |
| Why does water have those five porperties? | Its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds |
| Explain High specific heat and give an example..? | Measure of how much energy needed to change temperature, molecule speed, resists temp change, water must absorb more energy to change temp...EX seatle stays same temp bc its by water at about 38 degrees while yellowstone gets to low temps like -22 degrees |
| Explain solvent and give an example...? | Something that breaks down solute...EX table salt, chlorine(neg) surrounded by water(pos)and sodium (pos) surrounded by oxygen (neg) |
| Explain cohesion and give an example...? | Water sticks to water, water held together by bond, creates surrounding tension, forces holding together water...EX paperclip on water, water has a high surface tension to the water 'forms around edges' and it 'floats' |
| Explain capillary action and give an example...? | one molecule attached to more, evaporates at top and water flows up, there will be long string at bottom 'pushing' it up...EX tube sitting in water, starts to slow upwards and the skinnier the tube the more/faster water flows up |
| Explain ice floats and give an example...? | As water gets colder and freezes, it becomes less dense and atoms spread out...EX snowflakes held together by hydrogen bonds has less density than water because when atoms slow down they have less of a chance to go together and form bonds |
| what is adhesion? | water sticking to something else |
| cohesion? | water sticking to water |
| What happens when water dissociates? | produces hydronium (h+) and hydroxide (OH) ions |
| Anything that increases H= ions is a... | acid |
| Anything that increases OH ions is a... | base |
| Have a pH less than seven | acid |
| have a pH more than 7 | base |
| have a pH of seven | neutral |
| examples of acids | urine, black coffee, tomato juice, orange juice, lemon juice, gastric acid, vinegar, battery acid, soda |
| examples of bases | sea water, baking soda, milk of magnesia, amnomia solution, soapy water, bleach |
| Which, acid or base, tastes bitter and which tastes sour? | Acid-sour, Base-bitter |
| what is a solute? | substance that dissolves in a solvent |
| what is a solvent? | substance in solution, more of it than solute, that dissolves the solutes |
| What is a solution? | mixture of substances that is tehe same throughout, homogenous mix |
| What substances dissolve easily adn what dont? | polar- dissolve easily, nonpolar-dont dissolve easily |
| what affects do acids and bases have on the pH concentraiton in a solution? | acids lower while bases higher |
| why is carbon often called the building block of life? | carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules that maske up living things |
| which ability allows carbon atoms to form large numbers of molecules? | the chains can bond with rings |
| What three structures are there? | branched chain, straight chain, and ring, |
| What are the main functions of carbohydrate and give at least one example...? | broken down for usuable energy, major part of plant structure...EX simple sugars;glucose |
| What are the main functions of lipids and give at least one example...? | some broken down for usable energy while others are part of cell structure...EX fats and oils |
| What are the main functions of proteins and give at least one example...? | Amino acids to build porteins and proteins are needed for all functions to work properly...EX serine |
| What are the main functions of Nucleic acid and give at least one example...? | To work together to make proteins...EX DNA, RNA |
| WHat determines a proteins structure and function? | nucleic acid |
| what are nucleic acids made of? | monomers called nucleotides |
| What is a monomer? | small units/subunits (each individual one) inside the complete molecule |
| What is a polymer? | When monomers link together, the large moelcules made of monomers |
| What are carbohydrates? | molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, adn they include sugars and starches |
| What are fatty acids? | chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms |
| what are lipids? | nonpolar moelcules that include fats, oils and cholesterol |
| what are amino acids? | molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur; used to build proteins |
| what is activation energy? | energy needed for chemical reaction |
| what does a catalyst do? product or reactant? | lowers rate of chem reaction, lowers activation energy, but not considered reactant or product bc their not changed or used up during reaction |
| why are enzymes necessary? | aids almost every process in organisms, exs-breaking down foods, building proteins...allow reactions to occur |
| How does an enzymes structure determine its function? | it will not function if the enzyme isnt shaped perfectly, depends on structure to function properly, important bc each enzymes shape allows only certain reactants to bind to it |
| What are substrates? | the specific reactants that enzymes act on, temp bind to enzymes at active sites and fit like a lock and key |
| what are active sites? | specific places where enzymes temp. bind to substrates |
| explain the lock-and-key model? | as if the lock bends(enzyme) around key (substrate) to make better fit |
| how do enzymes weaken bonds in substrates? | they decrease activation energy and when substraaates bind to enzymes the bonds become strained and stretch |
| Why are some organisms called producers? | they're main sources of chem energy for most organisms |
| what is the function of photosynthesis? | to make sugars that store chem energy |
| what is a chloropyll? | a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the enrgy in visible light |
| what are chloroplasts? | membrane bound organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plants |
| in which two parts of a chloroplast dodes photsynthesis take place? | grana and stroma |
| what are thylakoids? | Membrane enclosed compartments where light reactions occur |
| what is the granum? | stacks of thylakoids |
| what is the stroma? | liquid where calvin cycle takes place |
| chem formula for photosynthesis: | 6CO2+6H2O+Light >>> C6H12O6+6O2 |
| What are light dependant reactions? | capture ennergy from sunlight, take place within and across membrane of photosynthesis---water and sunlight needed as reactants(photosynthesis) |
| what are light independant reactions? | use energy from the light-dependant reactions to make sugars, occur in stroma of chlorplasts---need carbon dioxide(calvins cycle) |
| anerobic | without oxygen |
| aerobic | with oxygen |
| cellular respiration? | releases chem energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present |
| is respiration aerobic or anerobic? why? | aerobic bc it needs oxygen to take place |
| what happens during glycolysis? | splits glucose into two 3carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP |
| two ways that phtotsynthesis and respiration can be called opposites...? | photosynthesis absorbs and respiration releases plus their chem formulas are opposite reacants vs products |
| in which two parts of a mitochondria does cell respiration occur? | matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane |
| chem formula for respiration...? | C6H12O6+6O2 >>> 6CO2+6H2O |
| What is the Krebs cycle? | produces molecules that carry energy to second part of cellular respiration |
| where does photosynthesis take place in cells? | chlorplasts |
| plants least fav color? | green bc they reflect green lights |
| two main steps of photosynthesis and where they occur? | light reaction in thykaloid membrane to calvin cycle in stroma |
| what waste products are produced in light reactions (photsyntheiss) | oxygen and glucose |
| what two reactants are needed to start light reactions? | light for energy and water for electrons |
| what products are made in light reactions that are used in calvin cycle and what do they provide? | NADPIT and ATP, needed or process will shut down |
| what gas is needed to start calvin cycle? | carbon dioxide |
| what is the end product of the calvin cycle? | |
| step by step process of photosynthesis | |
| step by step process of cellular respiration | |
| the energy from the breakdown of glucose is used to make? | |
| where does glycolysis take place? | inside cell's cytoplasm (anerobic) |
| step by step process of Kerbs cycle? | |
| where does krebs cycle take place? | interiot space, or matrix, of the mitochondria |
| what is electron transport chain and what structure inside the mitochonrdia does it need? | |
| how many total ATP's are created suring cellular respiartion (for every one glucose molecule that starts the process) |
Created by:
hollymuth
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