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Chem of Life 2 FHS
Proteins and Enzymes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| function to provide strength and support | proteins |
| the most common protein | collagen |
| collagen gives strength to: | connective tissue, tendons, ligaments, bone, muscle, and skin |
| ____________ ____________ allow large molecules to enter and leave cells | protein channels |
| ______________ carries oxygen to cells | hemoglobin |
| _____________ toughens hair, horns, and nails | keratin |
| ____________ ____________ on cell surfaces help cells recognize and communicate with each other | protein receptors |
| _______________ act as chemical messengers in the bloodstream | hormones |
| ________________ allow communication between nerve cells | neurotransmitters |
| ________________ speed up chemical reactions | enzymes |
| Proteins contain __________ | C, H, O, N (P +/ S) |
| long chain polymers | polypeptides |
| polypeptides are made up of __________ __________ joined together by dehydration synthesis and held together by peptide bonds (C-N) | amino acids |
| building blocks or monomers for protein | amino acids |
| amino acid names often end in: | -ine |
| examples of amino acids: | glycine, methionine, leucine |
| amino acid + amino acid = | dipeptide |
| dipeptide + amino acid = | polypeptide |
| when adding more amino acids to a polypeptide they are linked by a ________ __________ __________ | dehydration synthesis reaction |
| protein structure that is dense and round | globular |
| protein structure that is long and thin | fibrous |
| example of a globular protein structure | hemoglobin |
| example of a fibrous protein structure | keratin in hair |
| four level os structure in proteins | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| the sequence of amino acids in each chain | primary structure |
| coiling, bending , or folding | secondary structure |
| three dimensional folding of the entire chain resulting from interactions of side chains (R groups) | tertiary |
| the fitting together of 2 or more folded chains | quaternary |
| according to Christian Anfinson's experiment on ribonuclease, the ______ ________ _________ alone seemed to determine the proteins folding pattern and ultimate structure | amino acid structure |
| __________ bind to newly emerging proteins and prevent promiscuous interactions | chaperones |
| sequenced the first protein in 1954 | Frederick Sanger |
| hormone that regulates blood sugar to maintain homeostasis | insulin |
| function as organic catalysts that speed up and bring about chemical reactions | enzymes |
| ____________ are the molecules enzymes act upon | substrates |
| enzymes often end in: | -ase |
| examples of enzymes: | proteases, lipases, amylase |
| enzyme reactions can occur _________ or ________ of the cell | inside, outside |
| __________ enzyme is secreted outside the cell to mix with foods containing lactose and catalyze digestive reactions | lactase |
| coenzymes - some enzymes require helper coenzymes often _____________ from whole grains in the diet | B vitamins |
| theory of enzyme action - the shape of the active site is rigid and only matches one particular substrate | Lock and Key Model |
| theory of enzyme action - the active site is somewhat flexible and can change its shape to accommodate the substrate. Each enzyme though is still very specific to fit one substrate | induced fit model |
| factors that affect enzyme action | temperature, pH, concentration, presence or availability of coenzymes |
| protein catalysts | enzymes |
| speed up chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction | catalysts / enzymes |
| without this biological reactions would be too slow to sustain life | catalysts / enzymes |
| beginning of enzyme name often indicates: | the substrate it acts upon or its action |
| enzymes act on a: | substrate |
| the substrate binds to a small portion of the ____________, this area is known as the __________ __________ | enzyme, active site |
| all reactions require a certain amount of _____________ to occur | energy |
| enzymes reduce the ____________ requirement of reactions in cells | EA (activation energy) |
| reactions are ____________ at higher temperatures | faster |
| most human enzymes work best at this temperature | 37 degrees Celsius |
| pepsin works best at what pH? | pH2 - stomach |
| trypsin works best at what pH? | pH 8.3 - small intestine |
| non-protein compound needed for proper function | cofactors |
| substances that attach to the active site | competitive inhibition |
| substances that attach away from the active site | non-competitive inhibition |
| used by cells to control metabolic pathways | feedback inhibition |
| ways to control enzyme activity | restricting production, inhibition |
| change in shape or activity of a protein | allosteric control |
| ____________ __________ of an enzyme are receptor sites for either an activator or an inhibitor of activity | allosteric sites |
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