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Gina's Bio I Ch. 4

QuestionAnswer
Nucleoid Where genetic material is present in PROKARYOTIC cells
Eukaryotic Eukarya - Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista
Prokaryotic Bacteria, Archaea
Plasma membrane Encloses cell, separates contents from surroundings. Phospholipid bilayer
Cytoplasm Semifluid matrix - fills interior of cell, contains all sugars, amino acids, proteins
Electron microscopes Can resolve structures 0.2 NM apart
Light microscopes Can resolve structures 200 NM apart
Cell theory 1. All organisms composed of 1+ cells. 2. Cells = smallest living things 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
Surface area: Volume ratio As cell increases in size, volume increases 10x faster than SA
Simplest organism, encased in rigid cell wall, most lack membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan What BACTERIAL cell walls are composed of
What ARCHAEAN cell walls lack Peptidoglycan
What prokaryotic cell walls are composed of Polysaccharides
2 types of BACTERIAL cell walls Gram positive, Gram negative
How gram positive/gram negative type is determined By cell wall structure and GRAM STAIN REACTION
Color of a gram positive bacteria stain Purple
Color of gram negative bacteria stain Pink
Whip-like proteins attached to cell wall of prokaryotes for locomotion Flagella
Where DNA stored in EUKARYOTE Nucleus
Double layer within nucleus of eukaryote where genetic material is highly organized Nuclear envelope
Highly organized structure of eukaryotes Endomembrane system
Has many membrane-bound organelles Eukaryote
Internal protein scaffold all eukaryotes supported by Cytoskeleton
Cell walls are not present in ____ cells animal
Largest most definitive organelle in cytoplasm of eukaryotes Nucleus
Surrounds nucleus, composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers nuclear envelope
DNA is organized with proteins to form this chromatin
In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are tightly packed with proteins inside nucleus to form these Nucleosomes
In eukaryotic cells DNA is wound around what to resemble beads on a string histone proteins
Dark staining zone w/in nucleus, composed of RNA Nucleolus
Synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) occurs here Nucleolus
Involved in translation of DNA into protein ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Organelle for protein synthesis endoplasmic reticulum
Provide passage for proteins, rRNA in and out of nucleus Nuclear pores
Composed of inner and outer phospholipid bilayer Nuclear envelope
Outer phospholipid bilayer of nuclear envelope is continuous with membrane of this endoplasmic reticulum
What are ribosomes composed of Ribosomal RNA and proteins
Found in cytoplasm and attached to internal membranes of endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes
2 other types of RNA that assist w/ protein synthesis messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)
Serves as site of protein synthesis ribosomes
3 compartments of endomembrane system Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
2 sections of endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
membranes that create network of channels throughout cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum
location for protein synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum
RER channels proteins synthesized into Cisternal space
Why does RER membrane have rough appearance under microscope Ribosomes attached to outside of membrane
3 functions of Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 1. Synthesis of membrane lipids 2. Calcium storage 3. Detox of foreign substances
Regions of endoplasmic reticulum with few bound ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Flattened stacks of interconnected cisternae Golgi apparatus/body
Packages and distributes materials to different parts of cell Golgi apparatus/body
This part of Golgi faces and receives products from ER Cis
Part of Golgi releases secretory vesicles Trans
Membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules, packaged/secreted by Golgi apparatus Lysosomes
These function to destroy cells/foreign matter cell has engulfed by phagocytosis Lysosomes
Membrane bound vesicles that do not originate from endomembrane system Microbodies
2 enzymes microbodies contain Glyoxysomes, Peroxisomes
Enzyme in plants contains enzymes for converting fats -> carbs Glyoxysomes
Contains oxidative enzymes such as H2O2 and catalase Peroxisomes
3 types of vacuoles Central vacuole, Contractile vacuole, Storage vacuole
Membrane bound "blank spaces" Vacuoles
"power house" of the cell Mitochondria
Mitochondria contain _______ for chem reactions of cellular resp Oxidative metabolism enzymes
Cellular respiration Transferring of energy w/in macromolecules to ATP
Vacuole found in some protists, can pump water and used to maintain water balance in cell Contractile
Vacuole used for storage or segregate toxic materials from rest of cytoplasm Storage
Helps maintain tonicity of plant cells, allow to expand/contract, involved in cell growth Central vacuole
Tubular/sausage shaped organelles about size of bacteria found in all kinds of eukaryotic cells mitochondria
Folded inner membrane of mitochondria Cristae
2 membranes surrounding mitochondria Smooth outer membrane, cristae (inner)
Space between 2 membranes of mitochondria Intermembrane space
Mitochondria is similar in structure/function to.. chloroplasts of photosynthesis
Lies inside inner membrane of mitochondria Matrix
Organelles present in cells of plants and other eukaryotes (Protista) Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis Chloroplasts
2 membranes that surround chloroplasts Thylakoids, Grana
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, other similar DNA containing organelles known as..? Plastids
inner membrane of chloroplast Thylakoids
Stacks of Thylakoids known as..? Grana
Proposal that eukaryotic organelles envolved through symbiotic relationship Endosymbiosis
One prokaryotic cell engulfed second prokaryotic cell and symbiotic relationship developed Endosymbiosis
How are mitochondria/chloroplasts thought to have evolved Endosymbiosis
____ and ____ have 2 membranes, possess DNA/ribosomes, about size of prokaryotic cell, divide by process of simple fission similar to bacteria Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells Cytoskeleton
Supports shape of cell, keeps organelles in fixed locations, helps move materials w/in cell Cytoskeleton
3 fiber types of cytoskeletons Actin filaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments
Fiber type of cytoskeleton - Responsible for celullar contractions, crawling "pinching" Actin filaments
Fiber type of cytoskeleton - Provide organization to cell, move materials w/in cell Microtubules
Actin filaments are composed of.. actin protein subunits
microtubules composed of.. tubulin protein subunits
intermediate filaments composed of vimentin protein subunits
Fiber type of cytoskeleton - Provides structural stability intermediate filaments
organelles that organize microtubule function w/in cell Centrosomes
Centrosomes composed of 2 perpendicular ______ Centrioles
Bundles of microtubules organized in 9 triplets Centrioles
Cell movement crawling is accomplished via ______ and _____ Actin filaments, the protein myocin
Molecular motor proteins that use ATP energy to move organelles in cytoplasm along microtubule tracks kinesin, dyein
Undulate to move a cell flagella
Arranged in rows on surface of eukaryotic cell to propel cell forward cilia
Where flagella are attached to cell body basal body
9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by 2 central microtubules, dynein protein motors slide microtubules across each other causing to undulate 9-2 structure
composed of carbs, present surrounding cells of plants, some protists, fungi cell walls
Plant, protist cell walls composed of.. cellulose
fungal cell walls composed of.. chitin
Surrounds animal cells Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Extracellular matrix composed of _____ and fibrous proteins like _____ and ______ Glycoproteins, collagen and elastin
Function of collagen, elastin on Extracellular matrix provide protective layer over cell
Extracellular membrane connected to plasma membrane via.. fibronectins
Extracellular matrix connected to cytoplasm via.. Integrin proteins present in plasma membrane
Created by: ginaadkison
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