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A&P2 lec2
CU anatomy and Physiology II Dr hartman lecture 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Angiogenesis | the physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels. this is normal, vital, and important in the transition of tumors froma dormant state to a malignant one |
| 5 types of blood vessels | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins |
| . At any given time, over ½ of the total blood volume in the body is found in the _______? | 1veins/venules |
| Tunica interna | the layer closest to the lumen, direct contact with blood. consists of simple epithelial layer, basement membrane, and internal elastic lamina. Tunica interna means continuous with the endocardium |
| Tunica media | consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers. changes in lumen diameter occur cause of here. |
| tunica externa | outer protective layer of vessel. elastic and collagen fibers |
| Vascular smooth muscle is innervated by the _________________. stimulation of these nerves causes vasoconstriction, wheras a lack of stimulation causes vasodilation. | 1sympathetic nervous system |
| Vasoconstriction | decrease in diameter of the lumen due to constriction of the vascular smooth muscle |
| Vasodilation | is an increase in the diameter of the lumen due to the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle in the tunica media |
| Chemicals used in vasodilation | Nitric Oxide, lactic acid, and histamine |
| Damage to an artery or arteriole causes localized _________ | vasospasm |
| Arteries carry blood where? and characteristics of arteries | Arteries carry blood away from the heart. arteries have the functional properites of elasticity and contractility |
| Elasticity of arteries? | due to the elastic fibers in their layers. idea of accepting blood at high pressures |
| Contractility of arteries? | due to smooth muscle in tunica media. can decrease lumen size. allows for less bleeding and the cut off of blood supply to less vital organs when needed |
| Types of arteries. | Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles |
| Elastic arteries. | these have the larges diameter, most elastic fibers in tunica media. accommodate high pressures. their elastic recoil aids in propelling the blood forward too |
| muscular arteries. | medium size, more muscle means more capable of vasoconstriction and vasodilation. (ex. brachial and radial) |
| Arterioles | very small, almost microscopic. sympathetic vasomoter fibers regulate activity of the smooth muscle. assume key role in regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries and in altering arterial blood pressure. |
| Capillaries | microscopic vessels that connect venules and arterioles. in some cases capillaries directly connect venules to arterioles. and in other cases the capillaries branch to form extensive capillary network throughout the tissue. |
| Continuous capilllaries | Continuous, meaning that the endothelial cells do not provide gaps. THe diffusion of water and ions and other small molecules is all that is allowed. however there is vesicular transport for many larger molecules. |
| THe BBB. | The blood brain barrior is our bodies way of preventing diseases and viruses from getting to our brain. there is virtually no vesicular trasport so this also makes it difficult for drugs to get there. astrocytic glial membranes assist the barrior. |
| fenestrated capillaries | most common capillaries. significant for the pores in the endothelial cells that allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse through. Located in places such as the intestines and the cglomeruli of kidneys |
| sinusoidal capillaries | hese capillaries are similar to fenestrated capillaries but the endothelial openings are larger to allow RBC, WBC, and Various serum proteins to pass thru. liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. |
| all about capillaries | near almost every cell. function in the exchange of nutrients adn wastes between blood an tissue. Microcirculation, regulated by arterioles and precapillary sphincters. capillary exchange is based on pressure differences. autoregulation in each one |
| autoregulation | ability for the tissue to locally and automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metablolic needs. |
| venules | small vessels that are formed from the union of several capillaries, they eventually merge to form veins |
| Veins | consist of the same three tunics as arteries but have much less elastic tissue and smooth muscle. although about the same size, they have thinner walls and a larger lumen. contain valves, weak valves can lead to varicose veins. |
| venous return | occurs because of the pressure gradient between the venules and the right atrium |
| Blood return to the heart is maintained by three mechanisms | contractions of the heart, skeletal muscle pump, and the respiratory pump |
| anastomosis | the reconnection of two streams that previously branched out. union of two or more vessels that supply or drain the same region. |
| collateral circulation | alternate flow of blood to a body part through an anastomosis (anatomic structure). |
| End Arteries | arteries that do not anastomose. occlusion of an end artery interuups the blood supply to a whole segment of an organ, producing an infarction of that segment. |
| bulk flow vs diffusion in the capillaries | diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid. bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid. |
| Diffusion in the capillaries | diffuse down concentration gradients by simple or facilitated diffusion. plasma solutes pass freely across most capillary walls |
| Bulk flow in the capillaries | passive process- large number of ions, molecluse, particles in a fluid.... move together. dependent on hydrostatic and osmotic pressures. |
| Hydrostatic pressure- | pressure exerted by a column of fluid due to the force of gravity. PUSH. BHB and IFHP |
| Osmotic presssure- | the pressure of a fluid due to its solute concentration. the higher the solute concentration the greater the osmotic pressure.PULL. BCOP and IFOP |
| BHP Blood Hydrostatic Pressure | the push against the walls of the capillaries, pushes fluid out |
| IFHP Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure | the push of the interstitial fluid on the outside of the capillaries. pushes fluid in |
| BCOP Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure | it is the pull of fluid into the capillaries due to the high solute conc. (albumin mainly) |
| IFOP Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure | it is the pull of fluid into the interstitial fluid due to high solute conc. out there. typically considered 0 except in pathological conditions |
| Net filtration pressure equation NFP | NFP =(BHP + IFOP)-(BOP + IFHP) |
| NFP must be calculated at the arterial and venous end separately. this results in what typical results? | typically the NFP at the arterial end will be a positive number, meaning that fluid is moving out of the vessel at this end and the NFP at the venous end will be anegative number, meaning that fluid is moving in the vessel at this end. |
| filtration in capillary exchange | water and solutes initially leave the capillary and join the interstitial fluid |
| absorption in capillary exchange | interstitial fluid and solutes are drawn back into the vessel |
| edema | an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid |
| _____ of what is filtered is reentered ____2___ goes into the lymphatic system. | 1: 85% 2: 15% |
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jseekins
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