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Anatomy and Phis
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Integumentary | Hair, skin, nails |
| Skeletal | Bones, joints |
| Muscular System | Muscles |
| Nervous system | Spinal Cord, Nerves, Brain |
| Endocrine | Throid, Pituitary Glands, Pancreas, Ovary, Testes, thymus. |
| Cardiovascular | Heart, blood vessels |
| Lymphatic System | Lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus |
| Respiratory | Lungs, Bronchus, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Nasal cavity |
| Digestive | Stomach, liver, intestines, Rectum, anus, esophagus. |
| Urinary | Bladder, Urethra, Ureter, Kidney |
| Reproductive | Prostate, Penis, testes, Scrotum. Mammary Glands,ovary, vagina, uterus. |
| Levels of organization | Chemical-> cellular-> tissue-> Organ-> Organ system. |
| Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another. | Anatomy |
| Concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities. | Physiology |
| 8 Functions necessary for life | 1. Maintain boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth |
| Inside stay distinct from outside | Maintain boundaries |
| Activities promoted by the muscular system | Movement |
| Sense changes in the environment | Responsiveness |
| breaking down of food | Digestion |
| All chemical reactions that occur within body cells | metabolism |
| Removing waste | excretion |
| Cells divide and are used in growth and development | Reproduction |
| increase in size, body or organism | Growth |
| Blood clot sending a message to the body for more platelets. | Positive Feedback |
| body thermostat that tells your body to cool or heat. | Negative Feedback |
| Detects the charge | Receptor |
| determines the set point where the variable is maintained. | Control Center |
| Provides the means for the control center's response | Effector. |
| Line the cavity wall. | Parietal Serosa |
| Folds in on itself and covers the organs in the cavity. | Visceral Serosa |
| Ex. Water. No carbon is all organic. Produced by non-living natural processes. Form salts. Contain metal atoms. | Inorganic |
| Carbon, covalently bonded. Created by living things. Carbon-hydrogen bonds. | Organic |
| High heat capacity, High heat of vaporization, Polar Solvent Properties, Reactivity, Cushioning. | Water |
| All ions are electrolytes substances that conduct an electrical current in solution. Ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion. | Salt |
| Substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts. Proton donors. | Acids |
| Proton acceptors. They take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts. | Bases |
| pH below 7 are acidic= hydrogen ions outnumber the hydroxyl ions. pH higher than 7 are alkaline. The concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units. | pH |
| bind to other molecules to form a polymer. | Monomers |
| long carbohydrate molecules of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds. | Polysaccharides |
| cellular site is the cytoplasm. part of a group of molecules known as the nucleic acid. Essential for life. Ribose sugar and phosphate group. | RNA |
| cellular site is the nucleus. Nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. Carry genes. Structural purposes. | DNA |
| consists of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. | Protein |
| is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. | polypeptide |
| during dehydration synthesis a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with | Dehydration |
| peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when water is added to the bond. | Hydrolysis reaction |
| through Hydrolysis. Adding water to split polymers | Break down of polymers |
| 4 levels of structure of proteins | Primary, secondary, tertiary, Quaternary |
| linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain. | Primary Structure |
| twisting or bending of linear amino acid chains upon themselves (Alpha Helix, beta-pleated sheet) | Secondary Structure |
| regions of secondary structure fold upon themselves to produce a compact, globular structure. | Tertiary Structure |
| two or more polypeptide chains aggregate in a regular manner to form a complex problem. | Quaternary Structure |
| Prevents incorrect folding of polypeptide chains, Aiding the desired folding and association process, helping to translocate proteins across the cell membranes, promoting the breakdown of damaged/denatured proteins. | Molecular Chaperones |
| Enzyme= Catalyst | accelerate the rate of a reaction but not used up or changed in the reaction. |
| DNA | Major cellular site=Nucleus. Genetic Material, directs protein synthesis, replicates before cell division. Sugar=deoxyribose. Bases= Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine. Double stranded coiled into a double helix. |
| RNA | Major cellular site= cytoplasm. Carries out genetic instructions for protein synthesis. Sugar= ribose. Bases= uracil instead of thymine. Single strand, straight or folded. |
| Transport, Mechanical, and chemical work | ATP in the cell |
| ATP phosphorylates transport proteins, activating them to transport solutes (ions, for example), across cell membranes. | Transport Work |
| ATP phosphorylates contractile proteins in muscle cells so the cells can shorten. | Mechanical Work |
| phosphorylates key reactants, providing energy to drive energy-absorbing chemical reactions. | Chemical Work |
| fragile barrier, outer boundary. A lipid bilayer of phospholipds, some cholesterol and glycolipids-dynamic fluid structure. | plasma membrane |
| Membranous organelle, sausage-shaped, "power plant" provides most of the cell's ATP. Busy cells have 100s of them. Carries out multistep aerobic (requires oxygen) cellular respiration. Metabolites broken, oxidized, and converted to ATP. | mitochondria |
| subunits, sites for protein synthesis. | ribosomes |
| Covered with ribosomes that make proteins. "membrane factory"- makes integral proteins and phospholipids of cell membranes | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Free of ribosomes, lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification. | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| stack of smooth membrane sacs, "traffic director" for new proteins- packages and modifies new proteins. Sends new proteins to plasma membrane, lysosomes, or secretion. | Golgi apparatus |
| acid hydrolases, perform intracellular digestion, and bud from the Golgi apparatus. | lysosomes |
| contain oxidase enzymes, detoxify toxic substances, and are self-replicating. | peroxisomes |
| -(Microfilaments_ strands of actin, muscle contraction and movement, (Intermediate filaments) part of desmosomes, resist mechanical forces on cell, (Microtubules) cylindrical, made of tubulin, support cell, allow movement. | cytoskeleton |
| Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules, organize microtubule network during mitosis, form the bases of cilia and flagella. | centrioles |
| cells control center surrounded by nuclear envelope; contains genetic information. Nuclear envelope has double membrane, regulates passage of substances to and from nucleus. | nucleus |
| site of ribosome subunit production. | Nucleolus |
| histone proteins and associated DNA- the genes. | Chromatin |
| Function: enzymes, also mechanically function- changing cell shape during cell division and muscle contraction, or link cells together. | peripheral |
| Function: transport, form channels so small molecules or ions can move through lipid bilayer, serve as carries. | integral membrane proteins |
| Special Membrane Junctions | Tight, Desmosomes, gap |
| Impermeable junction encircling the cell, prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. | tight junctions |
| anchoring junctions or "guy wires" prevent tearing of cellular sheet. | desmosomes |
| allow chemicals to pass between adjacent cells. | gap junctions |
| Transport Process | Simple diffusion, Facilitated, osmosis, filtration, active transport, phagocytosis, exocytosis, Bulk-phase endocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
| nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer. | Simple diffusion |
| (1) the transported substance binds to protein carriers in the membrane and is ferried across (2) the transported substance moves through water-filled protein channels. | Facilitated Diffusion |
| The diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane. Occurs whenever the water concentration differs on the two sides of a membrane. | Osmosis |
| molecules are not moving "randomly" but are forced to the "other side" | Filtration |
| like carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances. | Active transport |
| Type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs some relatively large or solid material, such as a clump of bacteria, cell debris, or inanimate particles. | Phagocytosis |
| Vesicular transport processes that eject substances from the cell interior into the extracellular fluid. | exocytosis |
| Cell ingests small patches of the plasma membrane and moves substances from the cell exterior to the cell interior. | bulk-phase endocytosis |
| main mechanism for the specific endocytosis and transytosis of most macromolecules by body cells, and it is exquisitely selective. | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Solutions that are more dilute (contain a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes). Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst. | hypotonic Blood cell |
| Solutions with the same concentrations of the nonpenetrating solutes as those as those found in cells. Cells retain their normal size and shape. | isotonic blood cell |
| with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell. Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink. | Hypertonic blood cell |
| Generate and maintain a resting membrane potential. The barrier that keeps the ions apart is the plasma membrane. | Plasma Membrane contributes to Membrane potential |
| Growth, Growth and DNA Synthesis, Growth and final preparations for division. Checkpoint. | Interphase |
| Mitosis= Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. Cytokinesis. | Mitotic |
| cell formation to cell division (growth phase). | interphase |
| DNA replicates | S phase(during interphase) |
| (cell division) to create two new daughter cells identical t0 parent. | M phase is mitosis |
| DNA copied so identical copies of the cell's genes can be passed on to offspring. DNA unwound and strands separated by helicase, DNA polymersae builds new complementary strands. | DNA Replication |
| DNA segment (gene) specifying one polypeptide uncoils, and one strand acts as a template for synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule. Each 3-base DNA triplet corresponds to an RNA codon. | transciption |
| mRNA (newly transcribed) from the nucleus attaches to ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acid to the mRNA strand, recognizing the mRNA codon calling for its amino acid by base pairing with it via its anticodon. | translation |
| Ribosome moves along mRNA as each codon read. Each amino acid added is bonded to the next by a peptide bond. Polypeptide released once stop codon read. | translation |
| Cellular location. | Replication= Nucleus, Transcription= cytoplasm, translation= nucleus |
| DNA or RNA gives a code for a polypeptide | genes |
| RNA codons or DNA codons. mRNA, read during synthesis | Genetic Code |
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