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Chapter 2: Preconception Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do you achieve fertility? | complicated processes that can be disrupted by a number of factors related to body composition and dietary intake |
| What are oral contraceptives and contraceptive implants capable of doing to nutritional status? | adversely affecting some aspects |
| What type of nutritional status before pregnancy enhances the likelihood of conception and helps insure a healthy newborn? | optimal |
| ___% of couples are infertile | 15% |
| ___% of couples diagnosed as "infertile" will conceive within ____ years without use of technology. | 40%; 3 |
| Healthy couples have a ____-____% chance of conception within a given menstrual cycle. | 20-25% |
| miscarriage | loss of conceptus in 1st 20 weeks of pregnancy |
| What are some causes of miscarriage? | defect in fetus maternal infection structural abnormalities of uterus endocrine or immunological disturbances |
| Subfertility | reduced level of fertility characterized by unusually long time for conception NOT INFERTILITY |
| ___% of couples are infertile | 18% |
| What are some causes of SUBfertility | having multiple missacarriages sperm abnormalities infrequent ovulation |
| Puberty | period in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction |
| Ova | eggs females produce and store within the ovaries (they are born with all their possible eggs at birth) |
| Menstrual Cycle | 4 week interval in which hormones direct buildup of blood and nutrient stores within uterus; ovum matures and is relaeased |
| When does the development of the reproductive systems start? | during the first months after conception and continues to grow into puberty |
| When does our capacity for reproduction start? | established during puberty when hormal changes stimulate maturation of reproduction system |
| What drives our reproductive system? | hormones |
| Women are born with a life-time supply of ___ million immature ova. | 7 |
| ~____ ova will mature and be released during the fertile years | 400-500 |
| Chromosomes in the ova can be damaged by.... | oxidation radioactive particle exposure aging |
| Women over the age of ___ are mre likely to have children with ____ related to _____ than younger women. | 35; chromosomal defects |
| For men, ____ production begins during ___. | sperm; puberty |
| Sperm production ____ after age ____ with ____ continuing to ____. | decreases; 35; old |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | stimulates maturation of ovum and sperm |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | stimulates secretion of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone |
| Estrogen stimulates the release of what other hormone? | GnRH in follicular phase and follicle growth and maturation of follicle |
| Estrogen also stimulates what 2 things within the uterus? | vacularity and stoage of glycogen, along ith other nutrients |
| Progesterone | prepares uterus for fertilized ovum, increases vacularity of endometrium, and stimulates cell division of fertilized ova |
| Follicular Phase | first half of menstrual cycle |
| What happens during the Follicular Phase? | follicle growth and maturation |
| What are the main hormones involved with the Follicular Phase? | GnRH, FSH, estrogen, and proestrogen |
| Luteal Phase | last half of menstrual cycle |
| When does the Luteal Phase occur during the process of ovulation? | after ovulation |
| What is formed during the Luteal Phase? | corpus luteum |
| What 2 hormones are involved in the Luteal Phase and what happens to them/ what does it induce? | decrease in estrogen and progestrone stimulate menstrual flow |
| What is the source of cramps and in which phase is it present? | postglandins; Luteal Phase |
| Estrogen and Progesterone work in what way together? | synergistically |
| Which 3 interacting reproductive organs are involved in the male reproductive system? | hypothalamus pituitary gland testes |
| Androgens | testosterone |
| Where is sperm stored? | epididymis |
| What is sperm released out of the penis as? | semen |
| The epididymis is attached to what other organ? | The testes |
| What are some sources of disruption in fertility? | adverse nutritional eposure contraceptive use severe stress infection tubal damage or other structural damage chromosomal damage |
| What are some nutritional related disruptions in fertility? | undernutrition weight loss obesity high exercise levels intake of specific foods and food components |
| Chronic Undernutrition | caused by no regular access to food; primary effect is the birth of small frail infants wtih high likelihood of death in the first year of life |
| Acute Undernutrition | associated wtih a dramatic decline in fertility that recovers when food intake does ex. the dutch famine bad to good and things were back to normal |
| When there's undernutrition, do people still get pregnant? | yes |
| Decreased fertility seen with ___ or ___ body fat due to alterations in ____ | lo; high; hormones |
| Estrogen and leptin increased with ___ body fat and decreased with ___ body fat. | high; low |
| Which two extremes of body fat lowers fertility? | too much and too little |
| Infertility is lower with a BMI of what and what? | less than 20 greater than 30 |
| What is the effect of weight loss on fertility? | losing greater than 10-15% of your usual weight decreases estrogen |
| Weight loss increases the likelihood of... | amenorrhea anovulatory cycles short or absent luteal phases |
| Treating ____ women with this fertility drug is not effective. | underweight; Clomid |
| Fertility in males decreases with ____, which was shown in a study during WWII | starvation by 50% |
| When a man is _____, his sperm viability and motility decrease ____ to ____%. | starving; 10, 15% |
| What is the main concern of intense physical activity? | decreased bone density |
| Diet may impact ___. | hormones |
| What are the main dietary practices that affect fertility? (correlations, not causes) | vegetarian diets, low fat intake, high intake of fiber, soy, caffience, alcohol |
| Oxidative stress in men decreases and reduces what? | decreases sperm motility reduces ability of sperm to fuse with nan egg |
| Oxidative stress in women harms and interferes with which two things? | harms eggs and follicular development interfere with corpus luteum function interfere with implantation of the egg |
| Antioxidants | vitamin e vitamin c beta-carotene selenium |
| Where are antioxidants found? | veggies and fruits |
| What do antioxidants do to the reproductive system? | protect the cells, including egs and sperm |
| What role does zinc play in men? | it reduces oxidative stress sperm maturation testosterone synthesis |
| What has zinc been investigated for? | potential infertility role |
| What type of diet has been associated with reduced ___ and _____ periods? | low-fat, high fiber; irregular plant food diet |
| Isoflavones | from soy, decreases levels of gonadotropins, estrogen, and progesterone |
| infertility rates are lower in women who use ___ supplements or ____ from plant foods | iron; iron |
| What is linked to preterm delivery and low iron status of infant? | pre-pregnancy iron deficiency |
| What percentage of women in the US enter pregnancy with inadequate ___ store? | 50%; iron |
| What is the correlation with caffeine and pregnancy? | caffeine appears to prolong the time to conception |
| Daily caffeine intake & reduction in conception is: | 300mg results in ~27% decrease 500mg results in ~50% decrease |
| What effect does alcohol have on fertility? | may decrease estrogen and testosterone lveles or disrupt menstrual cycle |
| What did studies show on the weekly drink consumption to conception? | 1-5 drinks, 39% decrease greater than 10 drinks, 66% decrease |
| What do antioxidant nutrients do? | protect sperm from oxidative damage |
| What has little effect on fertility? | vitamin D |
| Alcohol intake has a toxic effect on what? | testes |
| Exposure to what impacts males? | heavy metals impacts sperm and testes |
| Effect of lead | impacts testes and sperm |
| Effect of mercury | decreases sperm and semen |
| What are some other factors that contribute to infertility in males? | glycols, hormones (DDT), heat, steroid abuse |
| Oral contraceptives, contraceptive injections and contraceptive implants are all related to? | weight gain, bad LDL cholesterol increase but increase in HDL also, blood clot risk increase, etc |
| Folate vs conception | prevents neural tube defects |
| What did the government make mandatory in grains? | fortified with folic acid |
| Diets for preconceptional women involve two things. | moderation and variety |
| Why moderation and variety for a preconceptional women? | Because then they will not get bored with their food choices and the extra nutrient amounts they need will be sufficient |
| Examples of model preconceptional nutrition programs | WIC decreasing iron deficincy in preconceptional women in indonesia preconceptional care |
| What does the CDC recommend for primary health care visits? | education screening for vaccination, weight, iron, and folate status assessment of alcohol use management of diabetes and celiac disease |
| Nutrition Care Process | 1)assessemnt 2) diagnosis 3) intervention 4) monitoring and evaluation |
Created by:
starryeyes213
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