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A&P2lec1
CU anatomy and physiology 2, with Dr. Hartman.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular system | Blood heart blood vessels |
| the __1___ is the pump that ___2___ the blood through an estimated ___3____ mi of blood vessels. | 1 Heart 2 circulates 3 60,000 |
| Cardiology | The study of the normal heart and the diseases associated with it |
| Location of the Heart, and why that is pathologically significant | The heart is located in the mediastinum, because of its location between the spine and sternum, the ridgedness of both allows for external compression can be used to force blood out of the heart and into circulation. |
| pericardium | encloses the heart and holds it in place, |
| Divisions of the pericardium | Fibrous and serous pericardium |
| Fibrous pericardium | anchors heart to the diaphragm |
| Inflammation of the pericardium is known as | pericarditis. |
| pericardial effusion. | An abnormal amount of fluid located within the pericardial cavity. (overproduction of pericardial fluid or other type of fluid, blood) |
| what can a serious pericardial effusion result in? | a cardiac tamponade due to a collapse in the myocardium since the fibrous pericardium will not expand by characteristic. |
| cardiac tamponade. | a large pericardial effusion can collapse the heart chambers. |
| emergency pericardiocentesis. | when all the fluid is aspirated from the pericardium |
| 3 layers of the heart | Epicardium, Myocardium, endocardium |
| Epicardium | is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
| Myocardium | the cardiac muscle tissue responsible for the pumping action of the heart. |
| Cardiac muscle | i. the muscle fibers are involuntary, striated, and branched. They have less sarcoplasmic reticulum as compared to skeletal muscles and, therefore, require Ca+2 from extracellular fluid for contractions. |
| iii.Within the ventricles are muscular ridges that crisscross and project into the heart chamber. | These are known as trabeculae carneae. |
| what is the significance of the intercalated discs and gap junctions | intercalated disks connect muscle fibers, a unique trait. |
| Endocardium | thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the valvs of the heart and the chordae tendineae. It is continuous with the epithelial lining of the large blood vessels. |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| myocarditis | inflammation of the myocardium |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium, usually involvs heart valves |
| Right atrium | recives from superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. blood passes from right atrium to right ventricle |
| (right atrium)what is the right auricle | small pouch on the anterior surface of each atrium that slightly increases the capacity of each atrium. Atria have ears (auricle) |
| (right atrium)what is the interatrial septum | separates the right and left atrium from each other |
| (right atrium)what is the difference between the fossa ovalis and the foramen ovale. What pathological condition could arise? | During birth the foramen ovale is the oval hole located within the interatrial septum of the fetal heart. This typically closes giving way to the fossa ovalis. If the hole remains open it is called patent foramen ovale (PFO) surgery can be necessary. |
| The right ventricle | Forms the most anterior surface of the heart. Blood passes through the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonary valve |
| Left Atrium | has an auricle, and receives blood from 4 pulmonary veins. blood passes from left atrium to the left ventricle through the bicuspid vavle |
| Left ventricle | The left ventricle forms the apex of the heart. blood passes from left ventricle to the aorta through the aortic valve |
| Valves open in response to _____1_____ changes as the myocardium contracts and relaxes | 1: pressure |
| Atrioventricular valves | located between atria and ventricles, Bicuspid and tricuspid valves |
| How do AV valves do their jobs and prevent backflow? | back flow is prevented when papillary muscles contract and cause the chordae tendineae to tighten. this prevents the valve cusps from inverting into the aorta. |
| Semilunar valves (SL) | prevent backflow of the pulmonary and aortic valves back into the ventricles. semilunar valves open when pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries. |
| Insufficiency/incompetence of a valve. | when a valve fails to close completely. |
| Mitral valve prolaps (MVP) | when a mitral valve incompetence occurs |
| which side pumps pulmonary | right |
| which side pumps to the systems | left |
| coronary circulation | Flow of blood through vessels located within the myocardiom of the heart they branch off right away from the aorta and feed the heart. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through the coronary sinus. |
| Myocardial ischemia | when there is reduced blood flow to the coronary arteries. THis leads to hypoxia (a lack of oxygen needed to meet the metabolic needs of the tissue). Leads to weakness and is manifested in chest pain/angina pectoris |
| AMI, acute myocardial infarction | when persistent ischemia or a complete obstruction of flow within a coronary artery may cause a heart attack. |
| Infarction | tissue death (necrosis) due to an obstruction of the tissue's blood supply, hypoxia. treatment includes injectin thrombolytic agents, coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) |
| Desmosomes | unique characteristic of cardiac muscle. Functions as a connector that prevents muscle cells from separating during contraction |
| Gap junctions | unique characteristic of Cardiac muscle fibers: function as a channel through which ions pass from cell to cell, thus providing rapid transmission of electrical impulses. |
| Autorhythmic fibers | about 1% of the cardiac muscle fibers are different because they can generate action potentials (APs) in a rhythmical pattern. |
| The 99% of the cardiac muscle fibers that are not autorhythmic do what? | they are bigger, bulkier, and function as contractile fibers. They can conduct an action potential but they don't get to generally because of the autorhthmic fibers. |
| Components of the conduction system | SA node, internodal pathway, AVnode, AV bundle (Bundle of His), right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers |
| SA node | pacemaker of the heart - small specialized region of autorhythmic fibers in right atrial wall. Fastest internal rhythmical pattern. the pattern established is called the sinus rhythm or heart rhythm. |
| What modifies the functioning of the heart (in terms of rate and/or strength of contraction) | signals from the autonomic nervous system and hormones modify it but don't establish a fundamental rhythm |
| what is the parasympathetic nerve fiber that affects the sinus rhythm? The sympathetic nerve fiber? | Vagus nerve (CN X), Cardiac Accelerator Nerve. |
| The starting rate of the SA node is ___1____, and the rate after the influence of the ___2__ nerve is ____3____. | 1: 100bpm.2:vagus nerve 3:60-80bpm |
| where along the conduction system are the atria myocytes signaled to contract? | It is along the internodal pathway that the AP spreads into the atrium. |
| Why don't the atrium and ventricles contract at the same time? | they don't contract at the same time because there is a slight delay at the AV node, from there the contraction continues through the rest of the conduction system. |
| sick sinus syndrome and how can this and things like this be fixed | describes an abnormally functioning SA node that initiates irregular heartbeats. THis can, as well as other abnormal pacings of the heart, by an artificial pacemaker. |
| What does an electrocardiogram read? | it reads the electrical current generated by impulse conduction |
| ECG helps to determine . | if the conduction pathway is abnormal, if the heart is enlarged and if certain regions are damaged. |
| Lead II tracing, | the normal ECG style of reading we use most often. |
| what two things must we keep in mind when considering an ECG? | 1. ECG doesn't record muscle contraction. It records electrical activity. (though a properly working heart will contract at the impulse). The ECG records the Action Potential of the whole heart not of an individual muscle fiber. |
| Atrial fibers Depolarize during which wave? | P wave |
| after the P wave begins the atria contract (atrial systole) this is followed by | a slowing down at the AV node. |
| the refractory period of a cardiac muscle fiber | (the time interval when a second contraction cannot be triggered) is longer than the contraction itself. Therefore tetanus cannot occur in myocardial cells |
| cardiac muscle relies on what type of respiration | relies on aerobic cellular respiration for ATP production |
| Cardiac cycle | consists of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of both atria, rapidly followed by the systol an diastole of both ventricles. Ventricular systol and diastole are implied |
| the three events of the cardiac cycle | relaxation period, atrial systole, vetricular systole. |
| Relaxation period of the cardiac cycle | durring this period, both the atria and ventricles are relaxed. as the ventricles are beginning to relax, ventricular pressure falls and the SL valves close. For a brief time, all four valves are closed. |
| atrial systole of the cardiac cycle | Atria contract. Increase atrial pressure and upon exceeding ventricular pressure AV valves are opened and blood flows into the ventricles |
| Ventricular systole of the cardiac cycle | begins at the contraction of the ventricles. increase of ventricular pressure forces the AV valves to close and for a brief moment in time all 4 valves are closed. |
| EDV and ESV with SV | End Diastolic Volume minus End Systolic Volume of the ventricles gives the Stroke Volume. Average is about 70mL |
| Ausculation | the act of listening to sounds within the body. |
| what causes the lubb-dubb sound of a heartbeat. | the turbulence created when the heart valve snap shut, not from the contraction of the heart |
| Lubb S1 is | created at due to the blood turbulence of the closing of the AV valves soon after ventricular systole begins. |
| Dubb S2 is | created at the turbulence of the closing of the SL valves near the end of ventricular systole. |
| Dubb, S2 is most easily heard | at the upper sternal border |
| which closes faster and what does this cause, aortic or pulmonary valve. | The aortic valve closes slightly earlier than the pulmonary valve, which causes a normal physiological split during inspiration. |
| Heart murmur | an abnormal flow noise heard before, between or after the Lubb-dubb. though not all murmmurs are abnormal or symptomatic, but most indicate a valve disorder. |
| Cardiac output | the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per min. |
| CO= | SV x HR |
| Cardiac reserve | potential capacity of the heart of function well beyond its basal level in responce to alterations in physiologic demands |
| SV, what it is and what it is affected by | stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from teh left ventricle with each ventricular contraction. It is affected by preload, force of ventricular contraction and afterload |
| preload, what it is and potentials of. | venous blood return, idea that a greater potential of a stronger force of contraction with the stretching that would occur due to a greater preload. |
| Contractility influences of what it is. | forcefulness of the contraction. it is effected by either positive or negatie inotropic agents |
| positive inotropic agents | increase contractility, Epi, norepinephrien, Ca ++, S-ANS innervates the contractile myocardial fibers |
| Negative inotropic agents | decrease contractility. Extracellular K+ and H+ (acidosis) P-ANS doesn't affect ventricular contractility since it doesn't innervate the contractile fibers of the heart |
| Afterload | pressure that is needed to be overcome |
| Changing the _______is the body’s principal mechanism of short-term control over CO and blood pressure (BP). | heart rate |
| Heart rate is regulated by what things? | Autonomic regulation, chemical regulation, and other factors. |
| Autonomic regulation of HR | nervous controle of the CV system stems from teh CV center in the Medulla oblongata, |
| sympathetic impulses of the Cardiac output system. | increases HR by cardiac accelerator nerves they relay sympathetic impulses by release of NE that increases HR and have a positive Inotropic affect |
| Parasympathetic impulses | Decreases HR through the left and right vagus nerves. Neurotransmitter is the Acetylcholine |
| Chemical regulation of heart rate | HOrmones, and cations. |
| frank starling law of the heart | the more the heart muscles are streatched the greater the contractions will be. the heart will pump what it is stretched. it is based on preload. as heart fills with more blood than usual, causes increase in contractile force |
Created by:
jseekins
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