Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&PI Ch. 2 Chem
Chemistry Terms for Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many elements make up the body? What are they? | 6; Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Calcium, Hydrogen |
| What percentage of the body consists of Major Elements? | 98.5% |
| How much of the body consists of the Lesser Elements? What are the Lesser Elements? | 0.8% Sulfur, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iron |
| How much of the body consists of the Trace Elements? What are they? | 0.7% Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Manganese |
| What are Electrolytes? What systems need these? Who controls their levels? | ----Mineral Salts (for nerve & muscle) GAGs control level of these |
| What are Minerals? How much of the body consists of minerals? | Inorganic Substances extracted from soil; 4 % |
| Who developed the Atomic Theory? | John Dalton |
| Who proposed the Planetary Model of the atomic structure? | Neils Bohr |
| Nucleus | Center of atom |
| Protons | Positive charge |
| Neutrons | No Charge |
| Atomic Mass | =# of Protons + # of Neutrons located in atom's nucleus |
| What is an electron? Where is it located? How much does it weigh? | negatively charged; in clouds surrounding the nucleus; very low mass |
| What do electrons potentially do to an atom? | determine an atom's chemical properties; Nothing; proton charge cancels electron's charge |
| Valence Electrons | Electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom |
| According to the Bohr Model, in the energy levels, how many electrons are required to fill the first four levels? | 2, 8, 18, 32 .....2(N)^2 |
| What are Isotopes? How do they differ from the average atom? | Varieties of an element -Differ in # of NEUTRONS -This of course alters the atomic mass (n+p) |
| What is Atomic Weight? How does it differ from Atomic Mass? | "Relative Atomic Mass"- mass that accounts for the fact that an element is a mixture of Isotopes |
| What are Radioisotopes? | Unstable isotopes that give off radiation ....Every Element has at least one of these |
| What is Radioactivity? | When radioisotopes decay to stabilize themselves (Unstable Isotopes emitting energy) |
| Who...Coined the term "Radioactivity", Rained physicians to use x-rays, and pioneered Radiation therapy for cancer treatment | Madame Marie Curie |
| High energy radiation ejects electrons from atoms in unstable isotopes....atoms become_________ | they become "ions" because they lose e- |
| Radioactivity is dangerous to humans because it produces: | free radicals and ions in human tissue |
| particle cannot penetrate skin, dangerous if inside the body | alpha particle |
| particle penetrates skin a few millimeters, dangerous if inside the body | beta particle |
| particle is penetrating,very dangerous, emitted from uranium and plutonium | gamma particle |
| physical half-life | time it takes for 50% radioisotope's atoms to decay to a more stable state |
| biological half-life | the time required for half of a radioisotope to disappear from the body |
| Sv | sieverts= unit of radiation 5 or more is fatal |
| Charged particles with unequal # of p+ and e- because e- were lost through radiation emission from radioisotopes | Ions |
| elements with 1-3 valance e- tend to ____ and those with 4-7 tend to ____ | donate; accept |
| the transfer of electrons from one atom to another to increase the stability of a valence shell | ionization |
| What is an Anion? What net charge does it acquire? | Gains electrons (remember "A"nion= "A"dded e-); negative charge (because it gained more particles with negative charges) |
| What is a Cation? What net charge does it acquire? | Loses electrons; positive charge ( because it lost some of that negative charge from the electrons) |
| Mineral salts that ionize in water and from solutions capable of conducting an electric current which can be used to: | electrolytes; determine electrical effects on nerve, heart, and muscle actions |
| Electrolyte deficiency = | muscle cramps, brittle bones, to coma and cardiac arrest |
| chemical particles with an odd number of electrons that can be produced by radiation and cause tissue damage are called: | Free Radicals |
| Neutralize free radicals | antioxidants |
| Two or more atoms united by a chemical bond | Molecule |
| two or more DIFFERENT elements | Compound |
| molecules with identical molecular formula (types of elements and how many of those atoms are present) but have DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT of atoms | Isomers |
| the sum of atomic weights of atoms | Molecular Weight |
| forces that hold molecules together, attracting one molecule to another | Chemical Bonds |
| 4 main Types of Chemicals Bonds are: | Ionic (give/take), Covalent (share), Hydrogen( weak bond btwn polarized molecules), Van der Waals forces (brief attraction) |
| Opposites attract; a give/ take relationship where cation gives e- and anion takes e- | Ionic bond |
| nuclei share e- between each other | Covalent bond |
| SHARING ONE e- pair | Single Covalent bond |
| SHARING TWO e- pairs | Double Covalent bond |
| Electrons are equally shared; STRONGEST TYPE of chemical bond (because they're in agreement) | Nonpolar covalent |
| electrons are shared unequally (one is Pulling on the other" | Polar covalent |
| weak attraction between polarized molecules ....water molecules are weakly attracted to each other by this | Hydrogen bond |
| Weak, brief attraction between NEUTRAL atoms; WEAKEST BOND | Van Der Waals force |
| substances PHYSICALLY blended but not chemically combined | Mixture |
| What percentage of our body consists of water? | 50% to 75% |
| Polar Covalent Bonds, V-Shaped Molecule, Solvency, Cohesion, Adhesion, Chemical reactivity, and thermal stability are characteristics of this molecule | Water |
| ability to dissolve other chemicals...ALL metabolic reactions depend on this trait | solvency |
| What is water's nickname? | "The Universal Solvent" |
| substances that dissolve in water | Hydrophilic |
| Substances that DO NOT dissolve in water... | Hydrophobia....they have a "Hydro-" (water) "Phobia" (fear) |
| tendency of one substance to cling to another | Adhesion ( think of "adhesive" glue making one object stick to another) |
| tendency of like molecules to cling to each other | Cohesion ("Co" meaning both...they are in "Like" agreement...a match made in Heaven) |
| the ability to participate in chemical reactions | chemical reactivity |
| Water helps stablize the internal temperature of the body....it has a high heat capacity... what is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree Celcius called? | Calorie (cal) Also cools...1 mL of perspiration removes 500 calories |
| particles of matter called the _____ (ex. gas, solid, or liquid) mixed with a more abundant substance (ex. water) called the ______. What does this combo make? | solute;solvent; together these are a solution |
| What are the 4 properties of a solution? | SOLUTE Particles in a solution: 1. are UNDER 1nm 2. DO NOT scatter light 3. WILL pass through most membranes 4. WILL NOT separate on standing |
| mixtures of protein and water; particle properties are: 1. range from 1-100nm 2.scatter light & usually cloudy 3.too larg to pass through semiperm. membrane 4. remain permanently mixed w/ solvent when mixture stands | Colloid |
| particle properties: 1. exceed 100nm 2. too lrg to penetrate selectively perm. membranes 3.cloudy or opaque in appearance 4. separates on standing | Suspension |
| suspension of one liguid in another ex: fat in breast milk | Emulsion |
| -known number of molecules per volume -moles of solute /per liter of solution | (M) Molarity |
| molecular weight in grams | 1 mole |
| 6.023 times 10^23 = 1 mole | Avogadro's number |
| 1 equivalent is the amount of electrolyte that will electrically neutralize 1 mole of ions | Measurement of concentration; expressed as milliequivalents (mEq/L) |
| a proton donor | acid |
| a proton acceptor | base |
| the measurement of acidity in a solution | pH |
| if a solution has: 1. a pH of 7 it is _____ 2. a pH of LESS than 7 it is_______ 3. a pH of MORE than 7 it is _______ | 1. neutral 2. More acidic 3. Less acidic |
| used to resist changes in pH levels | buffer |
| What is the range of pH level for blood? | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| What is the range homeostasis tries to maintain around a set point? | Dynamic Equilibrium |
| the capacity to do work | energy |
| energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state | potential energy |
| potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules | chemical energy |
| potential energy available in a system to do useful work | free energy |
| energy of motion; energy that is actively doing work | kinetic energy |
| kinetic energy of molecular motion | heat |
| the kinetic energy of moving "packets" | photons |
| a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken.... 3 classes: decomposition, synthesis, and exchange | chemical reaction |
| symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction; where are the reactants and products placed? | Chemical equation; reactants (left) and products (right) |
| large molecule breaks down into 2 or more smaller ones; what does the equation look like? | Decomposition reaction; AB-> A + B |
| Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one; what would the equation look like? | Synthesis reactions; A + B -> AB |
| 2 molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms; what would the equation look like? | Exchange reactions; AB+CD= AC+BD |
| reactions that can go in either direction under different circumstances; how are these symbolized? | reversible reactions; double headed arrow |
| molecules proceed from the side of the equation with greater quantity of reactants to the side with the lesser quantity | Law of mass action |
| exists in reversible reactions when the ratio of products to reactants is stable | equilibrium |
| what is the basis for chemical reactions to occur? | molecular motion and collisions |
| reaction rates are affected by: ______ and _________ | concentration and temperature |
| substances that temporarily bond to reactants, hold them in favorable position to react with each other, and may change the shapes of reactants in ways that make them more likely to react | catalysts |
| most important biological catalysts | enzymes |
| energy releasing | exergonic |
| energy storing | endergonic |
| exergonic decomposition reactions | Catabolism |
| endergonic synthesis reactions | Anabolism ("A" for "A"dding energy |
| any chemical reaction in which a molecule GIVES UP E- and RELEASES energy; what happens to the molecule in this process? What ACCEPTS the the electrons? | Oxidation; Oxidized; oxidizing agent |
| Any chemical reaction in which a molecule GAINS E- and GAINS energy; What happens to molecule during this reaction? What is the NAME of the molecule that DONATES e- ? | Reduction;Reduced; REDUCING AGENT |
| oxidation ( molecule Donates e-) of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction (molecule accepts e-) of another; what is the nickname? | Oxidation-Reduction "Redox" reactions |
| the study of compounds containing carbon | organic chemistry |
| what are the 4 categories of carbon compounds? | 1. carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleotides and nucleic acids |
| 4 valence electrons bind to fill a valence shell, carbon atoms bind readily with each other to form carbon backbones, back bone carries a variety of functional groups (small clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone)what are the 5 functional groups? | 1. hydroxyl 2. methyl 3. carboxyl 4. amino 5. phosphate |
| very large ORGANIC molecules | Macromolecules |
| identical or similar subunits | monomers |
| molecules mad of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers) | Polymers |
| joining monomers to form a polymer | polymerization |
| how living cells form polymers | dehydration synthesis (condensation) |
| opposite of dehydration synthesis; the covalent bond linking one monomer to the other is broken | hydrolysis |
| __________ water to FORM a polymer ( monomer+ monomer) | remove...(condensation reaction) dehydration synthesis (dehydrate- to take away water) |
| _______ water to SPLIT a polymer | add.....Hydrolysis ("Hydro-"= water & "-lysis"= to split) |
| hydrophilic organic molecule; name usually usually ends in "-ose" or "-saccharide"; SUGAR MOLECULE | Carbohydrate; it is anything that has an "ose" or"saccharide" suffix |
| What are the 3 important monosaccharides? What Macromolecule do these compose? | 1. Glucose 2. Galactose 3.Fructose Carbohydrate which is digested, producing monosaccharides |
| sugar molecule composed of 2 monosaccharides | dissaccharide |
| what are the 3 most important disacchardies? | sucrose-table sugar lactose-sugar in milk maltose-grain products |
| at least 10 short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides | Oligosaccharides |
| at least 50 long chains of monosaccharides | Polysaccharides |
| what are 3 polysaccharides of interest in living things? what are their functions? | 1. Glycogen: energy storage in animals 2. Starch: energy storage in plants 3. Cellulose: structural molecule of plant cell walls |
| Glycolipids, Glycoproteins, and Proteoglycans ....covalently bound to lipid or protein | Conjugated carbohydrate (Conjuction [Joining]of carb and lipid or carb and protein by the two covalently SHARING e-) |
| Glucose, Galactose, Fructose...What type of carb are these? | Monosaccharides |
| sucrose lactose maltose | disaccharides |
| cellulose, starch, glycogen | polysaccharides |
| glycoprotein, glycolipid, proteoglycan | conjugated carbs |
| a hydrophobic organic molecule | lipid |
| 5 primary types of _________fatty acides, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, and steroids | lipids |
| energy storage, insulation, and shock absorption (adipose tissue), formed by dehydration sythesis of 3 fatty acids and 3 glycerol thus calling them "neutral fats", hydrolysis (adding water because they are hydrophobic) | Triglycerides |
| what are triglycerides? what are they called when liquid? solid? | lipids; oils; fats |
| Lipid chain group of 4 to 24 carbon atoms...._______ @ one end and ______ @ the other end | Carboxyl group and methyl group |
| carbon atoms saturated WITH hydrogen | Saturated Lipids |
| containing C=C bonds WITHOUT hydrogen | Unsaturated Lipids |
| contains MANY C=C bonds | Polyunsaturated Lipids |
| obtained from diet; body cannot synthesize | essential fatty acids Lipids |
| in Amphiphilic lipids Fatty acid "tails" are _______ and phosphate "heads" are _________ making a structural foundation of cell membrane | hydrophobic; hydrophilic |
| resist enzymatic breakdown in the human body remaining in circulation longer, deposits in the arteries and raises the risk of heart disease | Trans-fatty acids "trans-" across from each other or on opposite sides |
| C=C bonds in SAME direction | Cis=fatty acids |
| produced in all tissues | prostaglandins |
| a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms in 4 rings | steroid |
| the "parent" steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized | cholesterol |
| "bad" cholesterol because it has a higher ratio of lipid to protein | (low-density lipoprotein) LDL |
| "good" cholesterol because it has a lower ratio of lipid to protein | (high-density lipoprotein) HDL |
| "of first importance" | Protein |
| a polymer of 50 or more amino acids | protein |
| central carbon with 3 attachments: amino group, carboxyl group, and radical group (only differ in the radical "R" group) | amino acid (20 of these are used to make the proteins identical) |
| any molecule composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds | peptide |
| joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next amino acid | peptide bonds |
| Peptides are named for the number of amino acides: 1. dipeptides 2. tripeptides 3.oligopeptides 4.polypeptides 5. proteins | 2, 3, less than 10-15, more than 15, more than 50 |
| unique-3 dimensional shape of protein crucial to function -ability to reversibly Change their conformation | conformation |
| extreme conformational change that Destroys function | denaturation |
| protein's sequence amino acid which is encoded in the genes | primary structure |
| coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds | secondary structure |
| further bending and folding of proteins into gobular and fibrous shapes | tertiary structure |
| associations of 2 or more separate polypeptide chains | quaternary structure |
| what are proteins made of? | keratin and collagen |
| what macromolecule is a catalyst, recognizes and protects, movement, and cell adhesion? | a protein; it binds cells together and ---motor proteins = molecules with the ability to change shape repeatedly |
| proteins that function as biological catalysts | enzymes |
| substance an enzyme acts upon | substrate |
| energy needed to get reaction started | activation energy |
| enzyme structure in action | 1.substrate approaches enzyme's active site 2. substrate binds to active site forming enzyme substrate complex 3. enzyme breaks covalent bonds btwn monomers in substrate 4.hydrolysis (add h20) 5.products released (glucose &fructose) 6. enzyme |
| are enzymes consumed by reactions? how fast are they? | no they are reusable; astonishing speed |
| accept e- from an enzyme in 1 metabolic pathway and transfer them to an enzyme in another | coenzymes |
| bind to enzyme and induce a CHANGE IN ITS SHAPE, which activates the active site;essential to function | cofactors; about 2/3 of uman enzymes require a nonprotein cofactor |
| what are 3 components of nucleotides? | 1. nitrogenous base (single or double carbon-nitrogen ring) 2. sugar (monosaccharide) 3. one or more phosphate groups |
| what is the best known nucleotide, and most important energy transfer molecule? what is it composed of? | ATP; (breifly stores energy gained from exergonic reactions) 1. adenine (nitrogenous base 2. Ribose (sugar) 3. phosphate groups (3) |
| addition of free phosphate group to another molecule carried out by______ | Phosphorylation; kinases (phosphokinases) |
| Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) | another nucleotide involved in energy transfer; donates phosphate group to other molecules |
| "second messenger" | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) ...activates metabolic effects inside cell!!! nucleotide formed by removal of both second and third phosphate groups from ATP |
| Polmers of nucleotides | DNA and RNA |
| Constitutes genes - instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins -Transfers hereditary info from cell to cell and generation to generation | DNA deoxyribonucleic acid |
| 3 types: ________,__________,________ carries out genetic instruction for synthesizing proteins and assembles amino acids in the right order to produce proteins | RNA ribonucleic acid |
Created by:
tlc101
Popular Biology sets