Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P Chp. 3 Part 1
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 3-- Cells and Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Concepts of Cell Theory | A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. -the activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells. -cells make more cells |
| Most cells are composed of what 4 elements? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| Definition of Tissues | groups of cells that are similar in structure and function |
| Cells Characteristics | -not all the same -all cells share general structures (nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane) |
| The Nucleus | -control the center of the cell -contain genetic material (DNA) |
| What are 3 regions of a cell? | 1)Nuclear envelope (membrane) 2)Nucleolus 3)Chromatic |
| Characteristics of Nuclear Membrane | -barrier of the nucleus -consists of a double membrane -contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell. |
| Characteristics of Nucleoli | -nucleus contains one or more culeoli -sites of ribosome assembly -ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores |
| Characteristics of Chromatic | -composed of DNA and protein -present when the cell is not dividing -scattered throughout the nucleus -condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides. |
| Characteristics of the plasma membrane | -barrier for cell contents -double phospholipid layer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails) -also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins. |
| List all 3 membrane junctions | 1)tight junctions 2)desmosomes junctions 3)gap junctions |
| Tight Junctions | -impermeable junctions -bind cells together into leakproof sheets |
| Desmosomes Junctions | anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart |
| Gap Junctions | allow communication between cells |
| Cytoplasm | -the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane -site most of cellular elements -contains 3 major elements (cytosol, organelles, inclusions) |
| Mitochondria | -"powerhouse" of the cell -change shape continuously -carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food -provide ATP for cellular energy |
| Ribosomes | -made of protein and RNA -sites of protein synthesis -found at 2 locations (cytoplasm and rough ER) |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances |
| Rough ER | -studded with ribosomes -synthesizes proteins |
| Smooth ER | -functions in liquid metabolism and detoification of drugs and pesticides |
| Golgi Apparatus | -modifies and packages proteins -produces different types of packages (secretory vesicles, cell membrane components, and lysosomes) |
| Lysosomes | -contain enzymes produced by ribosomes -packaged by the Golgi Apparatus -digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the cell |
| Peroxisomes | -membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes (break down harmful substances) -replicate by pinching in half |
| Cytoskeleton | -network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm -provides the cell with an internal framework -three different types of elements (microfilaments-smallest, intermediate filaments, microtubules-largest) |
| Centrioles | -rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules -direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division. |
| Solution | solutes dissolve into a solvent; homogeneous mixture of two or more components. |
| Solvent | dissolving medium; typically water in the body |
| Solutes | components in smaller quantities within a solution. |
| Intracellular Fluid | nucleoplasm and cytosol. *Basically all fluid inside the cell* |
| Interstitial Fluid | fluid on the exterior of the cell |
| Selective Permeability | the plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others. this permeability influences movement both into and out of the cell. |
| Membrane Transport | -movement of substances into and out of the cell. -cell membranes are selectively permeable (some substances can pass through but others cannot) |
| List 2 basic methods of transport | 1)passive processes 2)active processes |
| Passive Processes | no energy is required (small objects) |
| Active Processes | cell must provide metabolic energy--> ATP (Large objects) |
| Diffusion | -particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution. -movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient. |
| Types of Diffusion | Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and filtration |
| Simple Diffusion | -An unassisted process -solutes are lipid-solute materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores |
| Osmosis | -simple diffusion of water -highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins--> special pores for water molecules |
| Facilitated Diffusion | -substances require a protein carrier for passive transport -transports lipid: insoluble and large substances. |
| Filtration | -water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure -a pressure gradient must exist (solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area) |
| Active Process | -Substances are transported that are unable to pass by diffusion (substances may be too larte, may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane, may have to move against a concentration gradient) -ATP is used for transport |
| What are 2 common types of Active Transport? | 1)active transport 2)vesicular transport |
| Active Transport | -amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called solute pumps -ATP energizes protein carriers -in most cases, substances are moved against concentration gradients. |
| Vesicular Transport | -Exocytosis -Endocytosis |
| Endocytosis | 1)phagocytosis (large junks) 2)pinocytosis (junks in solution) 3)receptor mediated-target molecules |
| Vesicular Transport | 1)exocytosis 2)endocytosis |
| Exocytosis | -moves materials out of the cell -material is carried in a membranous vesicle -vesicle migrates to plasma membrane -vesicle combines with plasma membrane -material is emptied to the outside |
| Endocytosis | extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle |
| What are 2 types of endocytosis? | 1)phagocytosis- "cell eating" 2)pinocytosis- "cell drinking" |
| Pinocytosis | 1)vesicle fusing with lysosome for digestion 2)transport to plasma membrane and exocytosis of vesicle contents 3)membranes and receptros (if present) recycled to plasma membrane |
| Two Major Periods of Cells | interphase and cell division |
| Interphase | -cell grows -cell carries on metabolic processes |
| Cell Division | -cell replicates itself -function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes |
Created by:
Greenpeas
Popular Biology sets