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Genetics
Chpts 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical genetics that encompasses the basic principles of heredity and how traits are passed from one generation to the next? | Transmission genetics |
| What is genetics that concerns the chemical nature of the gene itself, how genetic info is encoded? | Molecular Genetics |
| What type of genetics explores the genetic composition of groups of individual memebers of the same species and how that composition changes geographically with the passage of time? | Population Genetic |
| What is a Genome? | a complete set of genetic instructions for any organism |
| What are some of the characteristics to being a model genetic organism? | short generation time, large but manageable numbers of progeny, adaptability to a laboratory environment |
| What theory states that genetic info is from different parts of the body that travel to the reproductive organs where they are transferred to gametes? | Pangenesis |
| What is the Germ-Plasm theory? | Its that the germ-line tissue in the reproductive organs contain a complete set of genetic info that is transferred directly to the gametes |
| What theory states that inside the egg or sperm there exists a minatured fully formed adult? | Performationism |
| What is the blending inheritance theory? | Proposes that offspring are a blend or mixture of parental traits |
| what is the cell theory? | All life is the fundamental unit of cells, cells arise only from preexisting cells and the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organism |
| Who proposed the cell theory? | Schleiden and Schwann |
| What are the two basic types of cells? | Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic |
| What is the fundamental unit of heredity? | A Gene |
| What are the multiple forms of genes called? | alleles |
| What do genes confer? | phenotypes |
| What is genetic info carried on? | DNA and RNA |
| How is genetic info transferred into a trait? | From DNA to RNA to protein |
| What is a permanent change in genetic info that can be passed from cell to cell or from parent to offspring? | mutation |
| how can evolution be viewed as genetic change? | genetic variation arises and then the genetic variations increase in frequency |
| Who developed the theory of pangenesis? | Ancient Greeks |
| Who developed practical measures for breeding of plants and animals?? | Ancient Romans |
| What are the two distinct types of bacteria and their characteristics? | Eubacteria- true bacteria Archaea- ancient bacteria |
| What is the name of the protein that forms tightly packed chromosomes | histones |
| what is the complex of DNA and histone proteins called? | Chromatin |
| Why aren't viruses cells? | They lack cellular structure |
| What is the prokaryotic reproduction called? | binary fission |
| What are the three essential elements to a chromosome? | a centromere, telomere and origin of replication |
| What is the centromere? | constricted region of the chromosome where the kinetochores form and the spindle microtubules attach |
| Why do cells have telomeres? | to protect and stablize the chromosomes, and limit cell division and may play a role in cancer and aging |
| What is the site where DNA is sythesis begins? | Origin of replication |
| What are the two identical copies of chromosome called that is held together at the centrome? | sister chromatids |
| how is progression through the cell cycle regulated so there is no slip ups? | By key transition points called checkpoints |
| What are some of the things that the checkpoints check for? Where are they located? | damage, that everything was copied right, and that is the right time to divide G1/S and G2/M |
| What is the period between cell division in which the cell grows, develops and functions? | interphase |
| What is the division of the cytoplasm? | cytokinesis |
| What is G0 and when does the cell enter this phase? | non-dividing phase that the cell enters into when they are not able to pass into S phase |
| How can the G2/M be passed? | Only if the cell's DNA is undamaged |
| how long does a typical animal cell spend in G1, S and G2 phases? | G1-10 hrs S-9 hours G2-4hrs |
| In what phase do the chromosomes first become visible thru a microscope? | Prophase |
| When do the mitotic spindle form? | in Prophase |
| Where do the centromeres move to in Prophase? | to opposite sides of the cell |
| What marks the start of prometaphase? | the disintegration of the nuclear membrane. |
| In what phase do the spindle microtubules attach to chromosome kinetichore on each of the sister chromatids? | prometaphase |
| What assures that each chromosome is aligned on the metaphase plate and attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles? | a spindle-assembly checkpoint |
| What are the microtubules that connect to the chromosome to the spindle poles composed of? | tubulin |
| What is chromosome movement due to in Anaphase? | to the dissamebbly of tubulin molecules at both the kinetochore end and the spindle end of the spindle ffiber |
| What happens in telophase? | nuclear membrane re-forms, chromosomes relax and lengthen |
| what marks the start of telophase? | when the chromosome reach the spindle poles |
| What are the two processes of sexual reproduction? | meiosis and fertilization |
| In what phase does crossing over occur? | prophase 1 |
| What are the five phases to crossing over? | Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachtene, Diplotene and Diakinesis |
| What happens in Leptotene? | further condensing of chromosomes |
| In which of the crossing over phases does synapsis occur? | Zygotene |
| what is Synapsis? | the finding homologus pairs finding each other and coming together |
| How do the homologus pairs find each other? | thru recognition of similar DNA crossing over can start here |
| What happens in Pachytene phase? | synatonemal complex forms along the non sister chromotids recombination nodules |
| Where does the actual crossing over take place on the chromosome? | recombination nobules |
| What is the physical connection where crossing over happens? | chiasma |
| What phase is the Chiasma visible? | Diplotene |
| What happens in Diakinesis? | further condensing and chromosome ends become farther apart |
| Crossing over is the basis for what that creates new combinations of alleles on a chromatid? | Intrchromosomal recombination |
| What protein holds the chromatids together? | Cohesin |
| What breaks down Cohesin in anaphase, anaphase 1 and 11. | Separase |
| What keeps Cohesin from breaking down between the sister chromatids in anaphase 1 | Shugoshin |
| What is the production of gametes in male animals called? | spermatogenesis |
| What is the male diploid primordial germ cell? | spermatogonia |
| Where are all alleles found for a particular gene on a chromosome? | locus |
| What is genotype? | set of alleles that an individual organism possesses |
| What is homozygous? | a diploid organism with a genotype consisting of two identical alleles? |
| What is heterozygous? | a diploid organism with a genotype consisting of two different alleles. |
| What is a phenotype? | the manifestation of appearance of a characteristic |
| What is a monohybrid cross? | a cross between two parents that differ in a single characteristic |
| What is the first generation of a cross called? | P (parental) generation |
| What is a character or characteristic? | an attribute or feature |
| What are the offspring from the first generation called? | F1 (filial 1) generation |
| what is a reciprocal cross and why is it used? | Where the female and male characteristics are switched from the first cross. This is used to see if the trait is an x linked trait or autosomal trait |
| What is the generation after the F1 called? | F2 (filial2) |
| What is a dominant trait? | an allele that expresses its trait over another allele's |
| What is a reccessive trait? | a trait that must be homozygous in order to be expressed |
| what is the principle of segregation? | states that each individual diploid organism possess two alleles for any trait and that they separate when gametes are formed |
| What does that concept of dominance state? | that when two different alleles are present in a genotype only the trait encoded by one of them is observed in the phenotype |
| in what phase of meiosis and mitosis does the principle of segregation occur? | anaphase 1 |
| What is the chromosome theory of heredity ? | that traits and genes are passed down/ located on chromosomes |
| what is a a cross between an F1 offspring with either one of the parental genotypes called? | backcross |
| What is the multiplication rule? | The probability of two or more independent events occurring together calculated by multiplying |
| What is the addition rule? | the probability of two or more mutually exclusive events calculated by adding |
| What is another formula for determining the probability of combination of events? | P=(n!)/(s!*t!)*P^s*Q^t |
| what is a testcross? | a cross of a dominant trait with a recessive trait to figur out if the dominant is heterozygous or homozygous |
| What is the principle of independent assortment? | that alleles on two different loci separate independently of each other |
| What does the goodness of fit chi square test test for? | it test what produced the deviation between the expected and observed results and if it was chance or not |
| how do you find X^2 in the goodness of fit chi square test? | by adding up the sums of (observed-expected)^2/ expected |
| how does one find degrees of freedom in the goodness of fit chi square test? | by taking the number of phenotypes -1 |
| what is the main determination whether one is female or male? | by the size of the gametes produced |
| who discovered sex chromosomes in insects? | Steven and Wilsom |
| What is hermaphroditism? | organisms with both female and male reproductive systems that work in different organs |
| What is monoecious? | organisms with both female and male reproductive organs in the same organ |
| What is dioecious? | an organism with either female or male reproductive organ |
| What are nonsex chromosomes called | autosomes |
| What type of sex determining sysem do grasshoppers have? | XX-XO Where females are XX and Males XO |
| What is the heterogametic sex | the individual who can create two different type of gametes based on sex |
| what is the homogametic sex? | the individual who can create two identical types of gametes based on sex |
| What is the sex determination system that takes genotypes from different loci to determine the sex of an individual? What are examples? | Genic sex determination plants, fungus, and protozoan |
| What are sequential hermaphroditism? | Where each individual has both female and male organs but they can only be expressed one at a time and can change based on the sex of the individuals around them |
| What is genic balance system who has it? | Sex determination based on the ratio of autosomal chromosomes to x chromosomes fruit flies |
| how is the X:A ratio determined | by the # of X chromosomes divided by the # of haploid sets of autosomal chromosomes |
| What is the syndrome with XO, infertile females that are short with wedded necks? | turner syndrome |
| What is the syndrome for males with XXY, XXXY, XXXXY or XXYY chromosomes that are sterile, with small testes and often tall? | Klinefelter syndrome |
| What is the syndrome for XXX, individuals? And how do they function? | Triplo-X syndrome normally, just taller and thin |
| What is they syndrome with more than three X-chromosomes called? | poly-X females |
| What is the gene that determines maleness? | SRY |
| What is the syndrome of XX with the females having testes instead of ovaries and are sterile? How can this occurr? | Androgen-insensitivity sydrome by the SRY gene being translocated to another chromosome sex or autosomes |
| What are males called for alleles on the Xlinked loci? | hemizyous |
| What is nondisjunction? | The inproper separation of hono pairs or sister chromatids during anaphase 1 and 2 |
| in a ZZ-ZW sex determination who is the male and who is the female? | ZZ-male ZW-female |
| What is dosage compensation used for? what are two types? | To equalize the amounts of proteins produced by the Xlinked genes in the two sexes The X genes read twice as much in males as in females and X chromosome inactivation in females |
| What is the inactivated X chromosome called in females? | Barr bodies |
| Who discovered Barr Bodies and how? | Mary Lyon found a darker region in females cells than in male this area is the tightly coiled Barr body that is inactivated |
Created by:
sfitzpatrick
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