History, Theory
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| show | Daniel Burnham, White City, Chicago World's Fair 1893
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| show | 1898 A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. Lecthworth England, 1903. Sunnyside Gardens NY 1924. Radburn NJ 1928
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| Mariemont, Ohio | show 🗑
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| show | Reston, Virginia 1962, Robert Simon. Columbia, MD 1963, James Rouse.
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| show | 1928. Only 1 block built. 7673 familes (2,800 residents). 23 acre central green remains. Low housing turnover, high property values.
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| New Urbanism today | show 🗑
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| show | Harris and Ullman 1945
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| Concentric Circle Theory | show 🗑
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| Sector Theory | show 🗑
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| Synoptic Rationality | show 🗑
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| Incremental Planning | show 🗑
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| show | Relies on face to face contact with people that will be affected by decisions. Interpersonal dialogue allows for a process of mutual learning. Supports decentralized planning.
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| show | Paul Davidoff. Saul Alinsky. The planner's role is to advocate for the underrepresented groups. Brought backroom negotiations out into the open. Redefined "public interest".
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| show | Gives planning to the people. Allows neighborhoods to be responsible for planning in their own communities.
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| show | Consensus building. Focuses on identifying stakeholders and building a consensus on how to solve a problem.
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| show | 1972 Christopher Stone. Discussed the issue of the authority to file suit. Discuss the Sierra Club v. Morton, Secretary of the Interior case where the SC attempted to block development of a ski resort in Mineral King Valley.
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| show | In 1909 at the National Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief in Washington, D.C.
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| show | 1912, Walter Moody adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.
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| show | 1914, Flavel Shurtleff the first major textbook on city planning.
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| American City Planning Institute of Planners (ACIP) | show 🗑
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| City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association. | show 🗑
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| show | founded in 1934
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| AIP adopted a Code of Ethics | show 🗑
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| show | 1977
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| show | 1978 created through a merger of AIP and ASPO.
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| show | In 1981, the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published
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| show | In 1867, San Francisco
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| created the first local civic center plan in the U.S. | show 🗑
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| first major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles | show 🗑
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| the first town planning board was created | show 🗑
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| first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago | show 🗑
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| first state to pass enabling legislation | show 🗑
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| show | 1909 Los Angeles
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| Harland Bartholomew | show 🗑
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| first comprehensive zoning code | show 🗑
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| show | In 1922, Los Angeles County formed the first regional planning commission.
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| Standard State Zoning Enabling Act | show 🗑
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| show | In 1925, The City of Cincinnati was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe.
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| show | In 1928, the U.S. Department of Commerce, under Secretary Herbert Hoover, released the Standard City Planning Enabling Act.
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| first U.S. National Planning Board | show 🗑
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| show | In 1934, the first federally supported public housing was constructed in Cleveland, although the first to be occupied was located in Atlanta.
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| show | In 1961, Hawaii was the first state to introduce statewide zoning, which was later amended in 1978.
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| How the Other Half Lives | show 🗑
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| Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform | show 🗑
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| Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago | show 🗑
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| Carrying Out the City Plan | show 🗑
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| Cities in Evolution | show 🗑
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| Planning of the Modern City | show 🗑
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| show | Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941. This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.
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| Urban Land Use Planning | show 🗑
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| Image of the City | show 🗑
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| The Death and Life of Great American Cities | show 🗑
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| show | Rachel Carson, published in 1962. This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment.
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| show | TJ Kent, published in 1964.
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| show | edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966. This is a seminal book in historic preservation.
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| Design with Nature | show 🗑
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| show | William Whyte, published in 1980. This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
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| Charles Abrams | show 🗑
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| Thomas Adams | show 🗑
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| Saul Alinsky | show 🗑
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| Sherry Arnstein | show 🗑
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| Robert Moses | show 🗑
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| Rexford Tugwell | show 🗑
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| Sir Raymond Unwin | show 🗑
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| Catherine Bauer Wurster | show 🗑
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| show | During the late 1800s and early 1900s, U.S. cities were becoming places that had severe poverty, crime, and blight. At the time, there was a movement to address these issues through the expression of moral and civic virtues. Daniel Burnham was a leader in promoting this movement. City Beautiful leaders believed that creating a beautiful city would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives.
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| show | 1898, Ebenezer Howard wrote To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. This book was later reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. It explained the principles behind the Garden City. After publishing the book he formed the Garden-City Association in England in 1899.
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| show | self-contained, with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres. A Garden City would house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres, with remaining land and population in farming areas. The Garden City was intended to bring about economic and social reform. Land ownership would be held by a corporation.
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| New Towns program | show 🗑
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| show | In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act, which provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and a guarantee of five years of residence. The result was the settlement of 270 million acres, or 10% of the land area of the United States. In the same year, Congress passed the Morrill Act, which allowed new western states to establish colleges.
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| show | In 1891, the General Land Law Revision Act was passed by Congress. This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
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| Forest Management Act | show 🗑
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| show | In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed a Public Lands Commission to propose rules for land development and management.
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| show | In 1902, the U.S. Reclamation Act was passed. It allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems.
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| show | In 1906, the Antiquities Act was the first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
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| show | In 1935, the Resettlement Administration was formed to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns.
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| Serviceman's Readjustment Act | show 🗑
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| show | developed by Daniel Burnham, was the first regional plan. It focused on incorporating ideas from the City Beautiful movement. It also focused on riverfront development and civic center spaces.
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| show | incorporated many of the principles of the City Beautiful movement. The focus of the plan was on boulevards and civic center spaces.
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| Concentric Circle Theory | show 🗑
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| show | developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939. Hoyt was in the real estate business in Chicago and was interested in high-end residential development. Hoyt disagreed with Burgess' conception of city growth. He argued that land uses vary based on transportation routes. The city, as a result, was a series of sectors radiating out from the center of the city.
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| show | developed by Harris and Ullman in 1945. They argued that cities develop a series of specific land use nuclei. A land use nucleus is formed because of accessibility to natural resources, clustering of similar uses, land prices, and the repelling power of land uses.
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| Central Place Theory | show 🗑
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| show | In 1959, Charles Lindblom published the article "The Science of Muddling Through", which first introduces the concept of incrementalism. Lindblom argues that people make their plans and decisions in an incremental manner. He argues that people accomplish goals through a series of successive, limited comparisons.
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| show | Pure rationality assumes that a planner has perfect knowledge of all of the factors in a given situation. However, no planner can use pure rationality because we can never have complete information. Instead, we "satisfice." Herbert Simon
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| Mixed Scanning | show 🗑
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| Advocacy Planning | show 🗑
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| Transactive Planning | show 🗑
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| Radical Planning | show 🗑
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| Communicative Planning | show 🗑
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| Lawrence Veiller | show 🗑
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| Peter Calthorpe | show 🗑
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| City as Growth Machine Theory | show 🗑
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| show | Jacob Riis 1892
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| show | modernism dream city called “Radiant City” comprised primarily of high density skyscrapers surrounded by open park spaces and bisected by high-speed vehicular routes in a large superblock arrangement.
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| show | 1925 Concentric Zone Theory
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| show | Clarence Stein and Henry Wright based on Ebenezer
Howard’s Garden City concepts, and featured alleys behind houses, cul-de-sacs, communal gardens and a
separation of vehicular and pedestrian access
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| Clarence Perry | show 🗑
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| The Disappearing City | show 🗑
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| show | 1933 Central Place theory
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| “Sector Theory” | show 🗑
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| Section 701 of the Housing Act in 1954 | show 🗑
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| show | Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities"
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| show | Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics in 1915. considered the Father of Regional Planning
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| show | Clarence Perry 1929. as a monograph in Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs, volume 7 of the New York Regional Plan
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| Catherine Bauer | show 🗑
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| show | The Death and Life of Great American Cities;
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| show | Design with Nature
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| Kevin Lynch | show 🗑
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| Lewis Mumford | show 🗑
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| show | T.J. Kent, Jr., in 1964, and provides a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban general (or comprehensive) plan, and how it was being applied in the 1960’s.
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| William H. Whyte | show 🗑
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| Joel Garreau | show 🗑
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| show | Randall Arendt 1994. addresses how small towns grow and maintain their small town character through sprawl avoidance, greenways, compatible design, density, cluster development, good site and open space planning, and farmland preservation
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| Richard Florida | show 🗑
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| Donald Shoup | show 🗑
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| Jean Gottman | show 🗑
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| NORMAN KRUMHOLTZ | show 🗑
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| PETER CALTHORPE | show 🗑
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| show | New Urbanism’s leading advocate
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| 1st City Subway | show 🗑
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| 1st U.S. Transcontinental Highway | show 🗑
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| show | New York City (1916)
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| show | Cincinnati (1925)
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| 1st Skyscraper | show 🗑
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| show | Hartford, Connecticut (1907)
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| 1st Regional Planning Commission | show 🗑
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| show | Vieux Carre, New Orleans (1921)
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| 1st Historic Preservation Ordinance | show 🗑
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| 1st National Conference City Planning | show 🗑
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| show | 1978 merger of American City Planning Institute which was formed in 1917 and renamed the American Institute of Planners (AIP) in 1939; and the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO), which was established in 1934.
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| Pierre L'Enfant | show 🗑
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| show | Cincinnati Plan (1925). • Argued Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty (1925)
• “Standard State Zoning Enabling Act” (1924)
• “A Standard City Planning Enabling Act” (1928)
• Drafted a bill passed in Ohio in 1915 enabling the creation of local
planning commissions
• First president of the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO,
1934)
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| show | Detroit, MI (1954)
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| show | Harland Bartholomew (1915)
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| show | Edward Bassett
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| Father of modern housing codes | show 🗑
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| Clarence Arthur Perry | show 🗑
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| show | Harland Bartholomew or Daniel Burnham
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| show | Ian McHarg
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| Edgeless City | show 🗑
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| show | 1934 allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare.
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| Satisficing | show 🗑
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| Telecommunications Reform Act | show 🗑
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| show | Founded the Congress for New Urbanism.
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| show | Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. Began after City Beautiful around 1909.
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| show | Geography of Nowhere (1993), which provides a
history of suburbia and urban development; leading proponent of new urbanism; recently wrote The Long Emergency, dealing with declining oil production and the end of industrialized society
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| Harland Bartholomew | show 🗑
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| F. Stuart Chapin | show 🗑
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| show | —father of advocacy planning; argued planners should not be value-neutral public servant, but should represent special interest groups.
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| show | advocate for new urbanism; designed Seaside, Florida (1982).
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| Joel Garreau | show 🗑
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| show | Father of regional planning. Cities in Evolution 1915.
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| Judith Innes | show 🗑
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| show | radiant city (skyscrapers for high-density living and working, surrounded by commonly owned park space), superblocks, separated uses
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| show | “The Science of ‘Muddling Through’” (1959); incremental planning, which acknowledged that changes are made in increments
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| show | 1987. John Logan and Harvey Molotch
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| Kevin Lynch | show 🗑
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| Ian McHarg | show 🗑
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| show | —influenced development of state parks and parkways in New York; helped establish the State Council of Parks in 1923; blamed for displacing people and neighborhoods with highway projects in Manhattan
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| Clarence Perry | show 🗑
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| Ladislas Segoe | show 🗑
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| show | wrote Carrying Out the City Plan (1914), first major planning textbook
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| show | designed NY’s Central Park with Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr. in 1851
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| show | promoted use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban
design; wrote Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980); coined the term
“greenway” in his book the Last Landscape; pioneer on conservation easements
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| show | designed Radburn, NJ, a “town in which people could live peacefully
with the automobile—or rather in spite of it”
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| Water Quality Act | show 🗑
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| show | provided construction grants for wastewater treatment facilities.
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| The Water Pollutant Control Act of 1948 | show 🗑
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| The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 | show 🗑
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| The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 | show 🗑
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| show | amended the Water Pollutant Act of 1948. The amendments broadened the government’s authority over water pollution and restructured the authority for water pollution under the Environmental Protection Agency. The Act changed the enforcement from water quality standards to regulating the amount of pollutants being discharged from particular point sources.
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| show | provided protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designate as threatened or endangered. This act was later amended in 1988.
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| Clean Air Act | show 🗑
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| The Clean Water Act | show 🗑
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